REGULATORY RESOURCES
FOR CONSUMERS ON
PERSONAL LINES PRICING
AND UNDERWRITING
AUTO SECTION
© 2022 National Association of Insurance Commissioners
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How Do Insurers Determine Your Auto Insurance Premium?
The way auto insurers determine how much you pay for insurance is constantly changing. The
process starts with the information you provided on the application. The two parts of the process
are underwriting and rating.
How Do Insurers Underwrite?
The first part of the process is underwriting. Insurance companies underwrite to:
• know the risk of insuring an applicant.
• group the applicant with others who have similar risks.
• decide if they will insure the applicant.
To underwrite an auto insurance policy, insurance companies want information about certain
factors that might affect how likely you are to have a loss that insurance covers. Some of these
factors are beyond your control, such as age and gender. You have control over other factors an
insurance company considers, including where your car is, how you use it, the make and model
of your car, and your credit-based insurance score.
An underwriter uses information from your application as well as from other sources.
Insurance companies depend on the information in your policy application. The questions you’re
asked when you apply for insurance help the company know how likely you are to have a loss
that insurance covers.
Insurance companies also get information from other sources. For example, some auto insurers
get information about your credit history from credit bureaus. They also get information about
your driving record from third parties, such as the Division of Motor Vehicles, and your history of
filing auto insurance claims from insurance claims databases.
How Do Insurers Rate Risk?
After underwriting, the next step is to rate your risk. The company sets a rate for each group of
applicants who are similar risks.
A rating factor is a specific characteristic of a potential policyholder that an insurer uses to price
auto insurance premiums. All else being equal, the less risky your rating factors are, the less you’ll
pay for insurance.
For more information about the rating factors many companies use, see Factors Used to Rate
Auto Insurance.
How Do Insurers Determine Auto Insurance Premiums?
Insurance companies use information about you, your vehicle, and your insurance coverage to
decide whether to insure you and how much you’ll pay for auto insurance. They’ll get this
information from you or from organizations. All this information is used to rate you as an
insurance risk and affects how much you’ll pay for insurance.
© 2022 National Association of Insurance Commissioners
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Some factors relate to the driver(s) and some to the type of vehicle you want to insure. Others
are based on the amount and types of coverage you buy. There are discounts that could reduce
the premium.
Insurance companies use various methods to rate your risk. Different insurance companies often
charge you different amounts for the same or similar coverage.
Also, some states limit the factors an insurance company can use. States also have different
requirements about how much insurance you buy, which affects your cost.
General Information
Age, years of driving experience, gender, and marital status are factors insurance companies may
use to determine how much you’ll pay. The insurance company gets information about your
driving record and accident history from a third party (such as the Division of Motor Vehicles). In
some states, insurance companies can’t consider certain factors, such as your gender or age.
If other drivers live with you, your insurance company will also look at their information to decide
how much you’ll pay.
How You Use the Vehicle
Your insurance premium may vary based on whether you use your vehicle only for pleasure or
drive it back and forth to work. Driving for pleasure means that you drive only occasionally. If you
drive only for pleasure, you might pay less.
Most personal auto insurance policies won’t pay for accidents if you use your car for business
activities your policy doesn’t cover, such as transporting people or delivering goods.
Gender and Age
Some research shows that males have more accidents than females and younger drivers have
more accidents than older and more experienced drivers. That’s why young men are often
charged more for insurance than young women. Inexperienced drivers may pay more regardless
of age. Some states don’t let insurance companies use gender as a factor when they rate
insurance.
Insurance companies look at accident statistics for all age groups. What you pay for insurance
may change as you get older.
Some states require insurance companies to give a discount to any primary driver who is older
than 55 if they complete an approved accident prevention or defensive driving course the
Division of Motor Vehicles approves.
Location
It’s important to tell your insurance company where you keep (or “garage”) your vehicle. You
may pay more or less based on where you live or keep your car. The insurance company may look
at the weather and number of accidents and thefts in the area you live in.
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Other Risk Factors
Some insurance companies consider your job and education to decide how much to charge you.
That’s why an insurance company may ask what you do for a living and how much school you’ve
completed.
In some states, married drivers might pay less for auto insurance. And homeowners might pay
less than renters.
Coverage History
When you apply for insurance, you may be asked about your previous insurance coverage. Most
insurance companies charge you more if you’ve gone without insurance before.
You might need to give the name of your previous insurance companies and the dates you were
insured. Insurance companies want to know if a company ever cancelled your insurance policy
because you didn’t pay. Your new insurance company also may ask about your traffic violations
and claims history.
Some states limit insurance companies’ use of prior insurance coverage as a factor when rating
a policy.
Driving Habits and History
Insurance companies look at your driving record and habits and those of anyone else on your
policy or living with you. Your new insurance company might ask if you’ve had traffic tickets or
been in an accident. Typically, your driving record for the past three to five years impacts what
you pay. Drivers with a bad driving record have a greater chance of being in an accident and might
pay more for their insurance.
Drive safely. Nothing affects your auto insurance premium more than how you drive. Insurance
companies consider drivers who have caused car accidents to be a higher risk and might charge
them more for insurance.
Although the company will get your driving record from a third party when you apply for a policy,
it’s important to be honest and truthful when you give the insurer information. Being honest will
mean it’s more likely that your quote will match what you’ll actually pay for your insurance.
If your driving record has improved over the last few years, shop around to see if you can pay less
with another insurance company.
Vehicle Owners and Operators in Your Household
Some states may let you exclude a driver from your insurance policy. Others will not. An excluded
driver is one that you ask your insurance company not to cover, usually because having them on
your policy will increase what you’ll pay. Talk with your agent or insurance company to find out
if this is an option for you. Be aware that you have no insurance coverage for damage caused by
an excluded driver driving your vehicle.
© 2022 National Association of Insurance Commissioners
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Telematics
Telematics is in-car tracking technology that insurance companies use to monitor your car and
your driving behaviors. Many insurance companies use telematics to learn how fast you drive,
your braking behaviors, and the distance you drive. Telematics can work through a mobile app
or a Bluetooth device that communicates with your car. The insurance company may use your
driving behaviors and habits to determine how much to charge you. Telematics can also work
directly with your car to record how it performs and how it’s maintained.
Usage-Based Premiums
Some insurance companies may use information about how you drive or how much you drive to
decide how much you’ll pay. Pay As You Drive and Pay-per-Mile policies are two examples of
using telematics to determine premium.
Pay As You Drive. Pay As You Drive uses information from telematics about your driving habits
to determine what you’ll pay. Telematics can track braking and speeding, how often you drive,
the time of day or night you drive, where you drive, and whether you use a cell phone while
driving. You may be able to log on to the insurance company’s website to see how your driving
habits affect how much you pay.
Pay-per-Mile. Insurance companies base what you pay for insurance on an estimate of how much
you drive. Some insurance companies charge a base rate and then add a “per-mile” fee to
determine your premium. Insurance companies use a device installed in your car to track the
number of miles you drive. If you work from home, use mass transit, or don’t drive often this
type of policy could save you money. Some companies let you have this type of policy without a
tracking device but require you to send a photo of your odometer reading each month.
Credit-Based Insurance Score
Insurance companies may use information about your credit history when they rate your policy.
They use credit-based insurance scores which, like all credit-based scores, predict an
outcome. Credit-based insurance scores predict the amount of a claim, the likelihood of filing a
claim, or the likelihood a policyholder will stay with an insurer instead of shopping around.
Credit-based insurance scores, like other credit scores, are based on your credit payment history,
your current debt, how much new credit you’ve applied for, and what types of credit you have.
Some insurance companies combine credit information with traditional insurance information,
such as claims history, to create hybrid credit-based insurance scores. In either case, a higher
score indicates you’ll likely pay less for insurance.
Some states restrict or even ban the use of credit-based insurance scoring. Each insurance
company uses its own method to determine your score.
Before you apply for insurance, it's a good idea to get a copy of your credit report and make sure
the information in it is correct. Bankruptcies, judgments, liens, late payments, and credit inquiries
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may mean a lower credit-based insurance score. You can find information about how to get your
credit report at https://www.usa.gov/credit-reports.
It's important to talk to your agent or insurance company if you've had extraordinary life
circumstances, such as divorce, death of a family member, job loss, military deployment, or
serious illness, that might affect your credit.
If you have a “freeze” on your credit to help prevent identity theft, an insurance company won't
be able to see your credit report and you may pay more for your insurance. You can temporarily
“unfreeze” your credit when you apply for insurance.
Vehicle Specific Factors
The type of vehicle you drive affects the cost of your auto insurance. You’ll pay more for cars that
cost more to repair or replace or that are often stolen. For example, you’ll pay more to insure
higher-value cars and newer cars. Some examples are large SUVs or trucks, high-performance
sports cars, and vehicles with special features such as all-wheel drive transmissions and hybrid
engines.
Auto Insurance Discounts
You may pay less for car insurance if you qualify for a discount. To make sure you get the
discounts you qualify for, be sure to ask your agent what discounts the insurance company offers
and how much you could save. When you compare the cost of insurance between different
companies, compare the total cost after any discounts.
Here are some important things to consider:
• Discounts vary depending on the insurance company and the state where you live;
• Ask about discounts at every policy renewal; and
• If you get quotes from different insurance companies, be sure to ask each about discounts.
General Discounts
Most insurance companies offer various types of discounts. Insurance companies might offer
discounts if you use automated payments, pay your annual premium in one payment, or sign up
for electronic billing.
Ask your agent or insurance company about discounts you can get.
Continuous Coverage
Insurers may offer discounts if you keep a car continually insured and haven’t had a gap in
coverage.
Group Memberships
Some insurance companies may offer a discount if you’re a member of an organization, such as
an alumni or professional association, a union, or other organization.
© 2022 National Association of Insurance Commissioners
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Loyalty
Some insurance companies may offer discounts for:
• Renewing your policy for a certain number of years;
• Children who use the same company their parents use even after they move out.
Multiple Vehicles
Most insurance companies offer a discount if you insure more than one car with them.
Multiple Policies
Insurance companies may offer discounts if you have your auto and homeowners insurance with
the same insurance company. This often is called bundling or home/auto packages.
Driver-Specific Discounts
Insurance companies may look at information about each driver on the policy when they choose
which discounts to give you.
Claim Free
If you haven’t filed any claims, insurance companies may offer a discount.
Defensive Driver/Driver’s Education
Many insurance companies offer discounts if you’ve completed a defensive driving or driver’s
education course. Discounts for driver education courses are targeted primarily at younger and
older drivers.
Good Student
Some insurance companies offer discounts to students who get good grades.
Mileage
Driving fewer miles reduces the chance you’ll be in an accident. Many insurance companies know
this and offer discounts if you don’t drive much. Some companies offer discounts to drivers who
use carpools.
Military
Some insurance companies offer a discount to active, retired, reserve, and honorably discharged
members of the military (and often their family members). This discount isn’t available in all
states. Ask your insurance company if this discount is available to you.
They might also have a discount if you keep your car on base while you’re deployed.
Non-smoker/Non-drinker
Because smoking and drinking can increase the chances that you’ll be in an accident, some
insurance companies offer non-smoker and non-drinker discounts.
Seat Belt Use
Using your seat belt may get you a discount.
© 2022 National Association of Insurance Commissioners
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Vehicle Discounts
Safety Devices.
Auto safety devices can reduce how much you’ll pay because they help prevent accidents, vehicle
damage, and injuries. This equipment includes:
• Adaptive Cruise Control
• Adaptive Headlights
• Air Bags
• Anti-Lock Brakes
• Automatic Braking
• Automatic Seat Belts
• Blind Spot Warning
• Daytime Running Lights
• Electronic Stability Control
• Forward Collision Warning
• Lane Departure Warning
• Passive Restraint
Anti-Theft Discount
You’ll also pay less if you have certain devices that reduce theft or vandalism. Some examples
include:
• Active Disabling Device
• Audible Alarm
• Vehicle Recovery
• Vehicle Identification Number Etching
There are a lot of things to consider if you’re trying to lower your auto insurance premiums.
You’ll find some great questions to ask your agent in A Shopping Tool for Auto Insurance.
© 2022 National Association of Insurance Commissioners
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HOMEOWNERS SECTION
© 2022 National Association of Insurance Commissioners
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How Do Insurers Determine Your Homeowners Insurance Premium?
Insurance companies use information about you, your home, and your insurance coverage to
decide whether to insure your home and how much you’ll pay for homeowners insurance. They’ll
get this information from you and from organizations. All this information is linked to “factors”
that affect how much you’ll pay for insurance, or how the insurance company “rates” your
insurance risk. Many of these factors are described below. Different insurance companies
determine their risk of insuring you in different ways and charge different amounts for the same
or similar coverage.
There may be discounts that reduce your premium.
Factors Relating to You
Claims History and Loss History Reports
If you’ve filed homeowners insurance claims, or if a previous homeowner has filed claims for your
home, you may pay more for insurance. Your history of filing claims will affect how much you pay
for homeowners insurance, even if claim payments were low. Insurance companies use third-
party data, including the Comprehensive Loss and Underwriting Exchange (CLUE) database to
see, the number and types of claims you’ve filed in the last five to seven years. Different insurance
companies treat claims information differently, so it’s always a good idea to shop around.
Credit-Based Insurance Score
Insurance companies may use information about your credit history when they rate your policy.
They use credit-based insurance scores which, like all credit-based scores, predict an
outcome. Credit-based insurance scores predict the amount of a claim, the likelihood of filing a
claim, or the likelihood a policyholder will stay with an insurer instead of shopping around.
Credit-based insurance scores, like other credit scores, are based on your credit payment history,
your current debt, how much new credit you’ve applied for, and what types of credit you have.
Some insurance companies combine credit information with traditional insurance information,
such as claims history, to create hybrid credit-based insurance scores. In either case, a higher
score indicates you’ll likely pay less for insurance.
Some states restrict or even ban the use of credit-based insurance scoring. Each insurance
company uses its own method to determine your score.
Before you apply for insurance, it's a good idea to get a copy of your credit report and make sure
the information in it is correct. Bankruptcies, judgments, liens, late payments, and credit inquiries
may mean a lower credit-based insurance score. You can find information about how to get your
credit report at https://www.usa.gov/credit-reports.
It's important to talk to your agent or insurance company if you've had extraordinary life
circumstances, such as divorce, death of a family member, job loss, military deployment, or
serious illness, that might affect your credit.
© 2022 National Association of Insurance Commissioners
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If you have a “freeze” on your credit to help prevent identity theft, an insurance company won't
be able to see your credit report and you may pay more for your insurance. You can temporarily
“unfreeze” your credit when you apply for insurance.
Pets
Some insurance companies consider some pets or breeds of pets aggressive. An aggressive pet
increases the risk you may be legally responsible if someone makes a claim against you for a pet-
related injury. Some insurance companies have their own list of pet breeds they won’t cover, or
that could increase your premium. Check with your agent or company if you own a pet.
Smoking
Smoking increases the risk of a fire in your home. Insurance companies usually charge more if
someone in your home smokes.
Factors Relating to Your Policy
Coverage History
Insurance companies look at your insurance history to see if you’ve had continuous coverage on
your home. If you canceled a policy before you bought a new one (called a lapse) you may pay a
higher premium on a new policy. You also could have had a lapse in coverage if:
• you didn’t pay your bill on or before the due date or within the grace period; or
• you let your current policy end before you bought a new policy.
If you don’t pay your bill on time, your insurance company could:
• cancel your policy and not cover a loss to your home; or
• refuse to continue your policy, which may leave you without homeowners insurance.
If you let your insurance coverage lapse and you have a mortgage, your lender may buy a policy
and charge you for it. Your premium for a lender-placed policy will probably be higher and might
not provide as much coverage for you.
The Homeowners Insurance Coverage You Choose
Your insurance agent or company will help you decide what types and amounts of coverage you
need. Your policy will specify the coverage for your home and personal belongings. It also may
include liability coverage, which can pay if someone gets hurt on your property.
Your agent might suggest that you buy enough coverage to rebuild your house and replace your
personal belongings. That’s called replacement cost coverage. Another type of coverage is based
on actual cash value.
• Actual cash value coverage pays the fair market value of property at the time of the loss. This
value usually is the cost to repair or replace the property, less depreciation. (Depreciation is
a deduction for the age of the property and wear and tear.) Actual cash value coverage pays
you for your loss, but often doesn’t pay enough to fully replace or repair the damage to your
property.
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Some policies provide only actual cash value coverage for roofs over a certain age or that are
in poor condition. Be sure to find out what your policy covers.
• Replacement cost coverage pays the cost to repair or replace your damaged or destroyed
property without a deduction for depreciation. Most policies cover your house for
replacement cost. If you don’t have replacement cost coverage, your insurance company
might only pay actual cash value. The cost of building supplies might be higher now than when
you bought your policy. Review your policy with your agent at renewal to be sure you have
the best coverage you can afford.
Replacement cost and market value aren’t the same. The market value of a home includes the
price of your land and depends on the real estate market. For more information about these and
other coverages, see the NAIC’s Homeowners Shopping Tool.
The Deductible You Choose
A deductible is the money you pay out of pocket on a claim before the policy pays. The deductible
applies to coverage for your home and personal property. You pay a deductible for each claim.
Higher deductibles mean lower policy premiums. The premium for a policy with a $1,000
deductible will be lower than the premium for the same policy with a $500 deductible. In some
areas, there are also catastrophe deductibles, which are either a dollar amount or a percentage
of the value of the property.
A higher deductible can be a good way to save money on your premium. But be sure you can
afford the deductible if you have a loss.
The Risks Your Policy Covers
Peril is an insurance term for a specific risk or reason for a loss. An all-perils policy insures your
property against all perils, except those the policy names as not covered. Flood and earthquake
are often not covered.
A named perils policy covers your home and personal property only against a specific list of
reasons for a loss. Your policy will list the types of losses that it covers. Common examples of
covered losses include fire, theft, and vandalism. Named perils policies cover less than all perils
policies and are less expensive.
Talk with your insurance company’s representative or agent if you want coverage for floods or
earthquakes. A homeowners policy doesn't cover either, so you'll need to buy extra coverage.
Coverage You Add
To cover the full value of your possessions, you may need to add coverage to your homeowners
policy. These additions may be called endorsements or riders and will increase your premium.
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You may want to add coverage for:
• Antiques
• Computer Equipment
• Fine Art
• Firearms
• Jewelry
Your Home’s characteristics
Your Home’s Age and Condition
If you have an older home, your policy might be more expensive. Older homes might have
outdated electrical and plumbing systems which might increase the risk of a loss. Older “historic”
homes may require building materials that are hard to find. If you have an older home, you may
need a special policy and probably will pay a higher premium.
Improvements to your home, such as replacing your roof; upgrading electrical, heating, or
plumbing; or installing a security system, may lower your premium. You should tell your
insurance agent or company about any upgrades you make to your home.
The Size of Your Home
The size of your home affects what you pay for insurance. Larger homes normally cost more to
insure because they cost more to rebuild or repair. Your agent or company might ask about your
basement and what percent is finished.
Your Home’s Construction and Exterior Features
The material your home is made of affects how your home holds up against a natural disaster
and perils like wind and fire. Homes made with concrete or solid brick exteriors are less likely to
catch fire and are more stable during a storm.
Your home’s roof is its main protection against hail, wind, fire, and other perils. The age,
condition, material, and shape of your roof are all factors that determine your premium. Homes
with newer roofs made of materials that are stable and fire-resistant usually cost less to insure.
Installing fire-resistant siding made of metal, fiber-cement shingles and clapboards, or masonry
can help you pay less for your homeowners insurance, especially in fire-prone areas.
Custom Features of the Home
If you have a wood-burning or pellet stove, you may pay more for insurance. If a licensed
contractor installed your stove and it meets code requirements, your premium may be lower.
If your home is made from custom, designer, or luxury grade materials, such as high-end marble,
luxury grade cabinets, and expensive lighting, or requires professional craftmanship to rebuild,
you may pay more for your insurance.
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Where You Live
Your home’s location affects what you pay for homeowners insurance. If your area gets a lot of
hurricanes, tornadoes, or wildfires, your insurance will cost more.
Insurance companies consider how far you live from a fire station when they calculate your
premium. Living in a city or suburban area, by a body of water, or in an area with a lot of crime
will increase your premium.
Attractive Nuisances (For Example, A Swimming Pool) on Your Property
An attractive nuisance is a dangerous condition that may attract children to a homeowner’s
property. Examples are swimming pools, trampolines, and playground equipment. If you have an
attractive nuisance you might want to increase your homeowners policy’s liability insurance. You
may be liable if someone is hurt using an attractive nuisance on your property (even if they don’t
have your permission and aren’t using the item safely).
Your insurance company may require you to install an enclosure or fence around an attractive
nuisance. Your policy might not cover items like diving boards or slides. Having an attractive
nuisance on your property likely will increase your premium.
Homeowners Insurance Discounts
Most insurance companies offer various types of discounts. You will pay less for homeowners
insurance if you qualify for a discount. Ask your agent or the insurance company what discounts
the company offers and how much you could save. When you compare the costs of different
insurance policies, compare the total cost after discounts.
Here are some important things to know:
• Discounts vary depending on the insurance company and the state where you live. Some
insurance companies may not offer discounts.
• Ask about discounts every year when you renew your policy.
• If you get quotes from different insurance companies, be sure to ask each about discounts
you might qualify for.
General Discounts
Most insurance companies offer various types of discounts. The discounts may be tied to how
you pay for your policy, your personal characteristics, and/or your home.
Advance Purchase
You might get an Advance Purchase Discount if you buy a policy before the renewal date.
Insurance companies might give discounts if you give them seven to 10 days’ notice before you
switch to their company.
Purchasing and Payment
Some insurance companies offer discounts if you pay for the full year of insurance in one
payment, sign up for electronic billing, or are a new customer.
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Multiple Policies
Insurance companies might offer a discount if you have your auto and homeowners policies with
the same insurance company. This is known as bundling.
Discounts Specific to You and Your Policy
Discounts vary by insurance company. Some are not available in all states.
Claim Free
Insurance companies might offer a discount if you haven’t filed any claims or haven’t filed a claim
for a certain number of years. Ask your insurance company if they offer this discount.
Prior Insurance
The prior insurance discount is for new policyholders. It’s based on the number of years in a row
that you had a policy with your previous insurance company.
Being Married or Widowed
Your insurance company may offer a discount if you’re married or widowed. Ask your agent or
insurance company about this discount.
Retirement Discount
Some insurance companies offer a discount to retired people. They tend to spend more time at
home and will know about fires, water leaks, or burglaries at their homes.
Non-smoker Discount
Smoking at home may increase your fire risk, so some insurance companies offer a non-smoker
discount.
Group Memberships
Military
Some insurance companies offer a discount to active, retired, reserve, and honorably discharged
members of the military (and often their family members). Ask your agent or insurance company
if they offer this discount.
Associations
Some insurance companies offer a discount if you’re a member of an organization, such as an
alumni or professional association or a union.
Occupation
Some insurance companies offer a discount to people with certain jobs, such as first responders,
teachers, and nurses.
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Loyalty (5-10 years or more)
Some insurance companies offer discounts if you:
• Renew your policy for a certain number of years
• No longer live with your parents, but buy a policy from the same insurance company
Replacement Cost
If you insure your home for 100% of the cost to replace it, you might be eligible for a discount.
Discounts Relating to Your Home
Age of Home
If your home is less than 10 years old, insurance companies may offer you a discount.
Construction Type
If your home is built from brick, stucco, metal, or concrete, you might be eligible for a discount.
New or Renovated Home Discount
If you bought a new or renovated home with upgraded electrical or plumbing, you may be eligible
for a discount.
Roof Age Discount
Some insurance companies give a discount based on the age of your roof. If your home has a
newer roof, or an impact-resistant roof, you might get a discount.
Accredited Builder Discount
If your home’s builder is on the insurance company’s “accredited builder” list, you might be
eligible for a discount. This discount will probably only last for five years after your home is built.
Homeowners Association (HOA)
Some insurance companies offer a discount if you live in a neighborhood with an HOA.
Living in a Gated Community
Living in a gated community (with or without security patrols) offers an extra level of security and
might make you eligible for a discount.
Fire and Safety Protection
Your insurance company may offer a discount if your home has qualifying fire or theft protection.
Some of these include:
• Smoke Detectors
• Sprinkler System
• Fire Alarm
• Security Alarm
• Backup Generator
• Smart Technology to Alert You to Fires, Water Leaks, or Burglaries
• Deadbolt Locks
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Water Leak Detection
You might get a discount if you have a water leak detector or prevention system. Discounts
depend on how advanced the detection system is, so ask your agent or insurance company.
Mitigation Discounts
If you live in an area that has severe weather, your insurance company might give you a discount
if you have storm shutters, reinforced doors, shatterproof glass, or other protections.
If you live in an area that is at risk for wildfires, you may get a discount if you take steps to mitigate
damage. This includes using concrete or other fire-resistant materials for your home’s structure
and creating an area around your home that reduces fire risks.
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