SYLLABUS
M. Sc. Environmental Science & Technology
[2020 - 2023]
School of Environmental Studies
Cochin University of Science and Technology
Kochi - 682 022
1
School of Environmental Studies, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin
Syllabus 2019 - 2022
CONTENTS
Pages
1
Scheme of M. Sc. in Environmental Science and Technology
3
2
Distribution of Credits- Semester wise
6
COMPREHENSIVE SYLLABUS
9-123
SEMESTERS
Code Course
SEMESTER I
Theory
Core
20-306-0101 ENVIRONMETAL BIOLOGY
9
20-306-0102 ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY
12
20-306-0103 ENVIRONMENTAL PHYSICS
16
20-306-0104 APPLIED MATHEMATICS &STATISTICS
19
20-306-0105 ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY
21
Theory
Elective
20-306-0106 ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
25
20-431-0107 CHEMOMETRICS&GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICES
28
20-431-0108 CONTEMPORARY ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES AND LAWS
31
Lab
Core
20-431-0109 ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY LAB
34
20-431-0110 ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LAB
38
Code Course
SEMESTER II
Theory
Core
20-306- 2201 METHODS IN ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS
44
20-306- 2202 ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING - PAPER 1
47
20-306- 2203 FLUID MECHANICS
50
20-306- 2204 GEO-INFORMATICS
53
20-306-2205 ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY
56
20-306- 2206 APPLIED ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY
59
20-306- 2207 ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
61
Theory
Elective
20-431-0208 ENVIRONMENTAL MODELING
64
20-431-0209 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND LEGAL
ASPECTS
68
2
School of Environmental Studies, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin
Syllabus 2019 - 2022
20-431-0210 INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY
70
20-431-0211 ENERGY RESOURCES AND MANAGEMENT
73
Lab
Core
20-431-0212 ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING- LAB
75
20-431-0213 CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL METHODS IN
ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS –LAB
76
20-431-0212 ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY -LAB
79
Code Course
SEMESTERIII
Theory
Core
20-306--0301 CHEMISTRY OF WATER AND WASTEWATER
TREATMENT
88
20-306-0302 ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING-PAPER II
91
20-306-0303 BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION
95
20-306-0304 APPLIED ECO-TOXICOLOGY
98
20-306-0305 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT AND RISK ASSESSMENT
101
Theory
Elective
20-306-0306 BIOREMEDIATION
104
20-306-0307 SOLID AND HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT
107
20-306-0308 CONTEMPORARY ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES AND LAWS
110
20-306-0309 APPLIED ECO TOXICOLOGY-TESTS AND EVALUATION
METHODS
112
Lab
Core
20-306-0310 ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING GRAPHICS - LAB
113
20-306-0311 ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND
BIOREMEDIATION - LAB
115
20-306-0312 BIODIVERSITY - LAB
116
Semester
IV
Project-Core
20-306-0312 Final Semester Project Work
Interim Report-
Presentation [Internal]
Project – Dissertation [ External]
123
Project-Vive
Core
20-306-0402 Viva Voce Examination
123
IDE
INTERDEPARTMENTAL ELECTIVES OFFERED
8
SEMESTERI
20-306-2011 Introduction to Environmental Studies
40
SEMESTERII
20-306-2215 Natural Resource Management
20-306-2216 Intellectual Property Right, Bio-safety and Bioethics
20-306-2217 Bio- Nanotechnology
80
82
85
SEMESTERIII
20-306-2313 Industrial Ecology
20-306-2314 Energy Resources and Management
118
120
3
School of Environmental Studies, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin
Syllabus 2019 - 2022
SYLLABUS
Faculty of Environmental Studies
SCHOOL OF ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES [2020 – 2023]
M. Sc. Environmental Science & Technology [SCHEME]
SEMESTER I
Course
C/E
Credits
Internal
Marks
External
Marks
Total
Environmental Biology
C
3
50
50
100
Environmental Chemistry
C
3
50
50
100
Environmental Physics
C
2
50
50
100
Applied Mathematics
&Statistics
C
2
50
50
100
Environmental Microbiology
C
3
50
50
100
Environmental Pollution
E
2
50
50
100
Chemometrics & Good
Laboratory Practices
E
2
50
50
100
Contemporary
Environmental Issues and
Laws
E
2
50
50
100
Environmental Chemistry
Lab
C
2
50
-
50
Environmental Microbiology
Lab
C
1
50
-
50
Core- 16; Elective-06;
05C(T)
03E(T)
03C(L)
22
500
400
900
NOTE: After the completion of the courses and examination of the SEMESTER I, students can join for
industry bound- based INTERNSHIP in a recognized institute/ University/ Organization/ Industry/
Government department/ in their home institution laboratory under the guidance of a research guide (certificate
has to be issued by the head of the institution after the successful completion of the program).
4
School of Environmental Studies, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin
Syllabus 2019 - 2022
SEMESTER II
Course Code
Course
C/E
Credits
Internal
Marks
External
Marks
Total
THEORY
CORE
20-306- 2201
Methods in Environmental Analysis
C
2
50
50
100
20-306- 2202
Environmental Engineering –Paper 1
C
2
50
50
100
20-306- 2203
Fluid Mechanics
C
2
50
50
100
20-306- 2204
Geo informatics
C
2
50
50
100
20-306-2205
Environmental Toxicology
C
2
50
50
100
20-306- 2206
Applied Environmental
Microbiology
C
2
50
50
100
20-306- 2207
Environmental Biotechnology
C
2
50
50
100
THEORY
ELECTIVE
20-306- 2208
Environmental Modeling
E
2
50
50
100
20-306- 2209
Environmental Management and
Legal Aspects
E
2
50
50
100
20-306-2210
Industrial Ecology
E
2
50
50
100
20-306-2211
Energy Resources and Management
E
2
50
50
100
LAB CORE
20-306- 2212
Environmental Engineering Lab
C
1
50
-
50
20-306-2213
Chemical and Biological Methods in
Environmental Analysis –Lab
C
1
50
-
50
20-306- 2214
Environmental Toxicology Lab
C
1
50
-
50
Total
Credits:23
Core- 17; Elective-06;
06C(T)
03E(T)
03C(L)
23
700
550
1250
NOTE: After the completion of the courses and examination of the SEMESTER II, students can join for an
industry bound-based SKILL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM in a recognized institute/ university/
organization/ industry/ government department/ in their home institution laboratory under the guidance of a
research guide / scientist/ engineer/ technological personality (certificate has to be issued by the head of the
institution on the successful completion of the program)
5
School of Environmental Studies, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin
Syllabus 2019 - 2022
SEMESTER III
Course Code
Course
C/E
Credits
Internal
Marks
External
Marks
Total
THEORY
CORE
20-306- 2201
Chemistry of Water and
Wastewater Treatment
C
3
50
50
100
20-306- 2202
Environmental Engineering-
Paper II
C
2
50
50
100
20-306- 2203
Biodiversity and Conservation
C
1
50
50
100
20-306- 2204
Applied Eco- Toxicology
C
1
50
50
100
20-306-2205
Environmental Impact And
Risk Assessment
C
1
50
50
100
THEORY
ELECTIVE
20-306- 2206
Bioremediation
E
2
50
50
100
20-306- 2207
Solid and Hazardous Waste
Management
E
2
50
50
100
20-306- 2208
Bio-nanotechnology
E
2
50
50
100
20-306- 2309
Applied Eco Toxicology -Tests
and Evaluation Methods
E
2
50
-
50
THEORY
IDE
INTER DEPARTMENTAL
ELECTIVE- IDE
E
3
50
50
100
LAB CORE
20-306- 2210
Environmental Engineering
Graphics Lab
C
1
50
-
50
20-306- 2211
Environmental Biotechnology
and Bioremediation Lab
C
1
50
-
50
20-306- 2212
Biodiversity Lab
C
1
50
-
50
Total Credits :
22
Core- 11; Elective-08; IDE-03
08C(T)
04E(T)
01IDE(T)
03C(L)
22
650
450
1100
6
School of Environmental Studies, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin
Syllabus 2019 - 2022
SEMESTER IV
Course Code
Course
C/E
Credits
Marks
PROJECT WORK
20-306- 2401
Final Semester Project Work
Interim Report-
Presentation [Internal] Project -
Dissertation [ External]-
C
14
50
100
150
20-306- 2401
Viva - Voce [Internal]
C
2
50
Total Credits
Core - 16
02C
16
350
DISTRIBUTION OF CREDITS- SEMESTERWISE
SEMESTERS
Course Code
Credits- C/E/L
Credits (total)
Credits (max)
Marks
Semester I
(20-306-2101)-
(20-306-2110)
013C(T)
06E(T)
03C(L)
22
24
900
Semester II
(20-306-2201)-
(20-306-2214)
014C(T)
06E(T)
03C(L)
23
24
1250
Semester III
(20-306-2301)-
(20-306-2212)
08C(T),08E(T)
03IDE(T),03C(L)/
22
24
1100
Semester IV
(20-306-2401)-
(20-306-2402)
016C/
16
16
350
Total Credits
1.Core (Max. 60)
(Mini.40)
THEORY -55
LAB-09
Project-01
Viva-01
Internship-01
Skilled
Development-01
Core
(16+17+11+16=60)
83
88
1.Elective(Min.12)
(Max.28)
23
28
7
School of Environmental Studies, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin
Syllabus 2019 - 2022
Skill Development Programme in Environmental Science & Technology - AREAS
1. Waste management technologies
2. Water, wastewater and air quality assessment and monitoring
3. Environment Impact assessment
4. Environmental Biotechnology
5. Environmental Toxicology
6. Biodiversity Conservation
7. Geographical Information System
8. Carbon sequestration technologies
9. Bio-resource management
10. Instrumentation in environmental management
Note : -
1. COMPULSORY INTERNSHIP for two months during summer vacation in industries/
institutions after SEMESTER I Examination, before the start of SEMESTERII.
2. Compulsory internship as SKILL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAME for two months during
summer vacation in industries/ institutions after SEMESTER II Examination, before the start
of SEMESTERIII.
3. INHOUSE research program during the fourth semester.
4. The topic of research has to be fixed in the beginning of the third semester after the
internship.
5. Candidates must submit interim report of the project at mid-term which will be evaluated as
part of the internal assessment as PROJECT- INTERIM REPORT.
8
School of Environmental Studies, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin
Syllabus 2019 - 2022
INTERDEPARTMENTAL ELECTIVE- IDE OFFERED BY SCHOOL OF ENVIRONMENTAL
STUDIES DURING 2020-2023
SEMESTER I
Course
Code
Course
C/E
Credits
Internal
Marks
External
Marks
Total
20-306-2111
Introduction to Environmental
Studies
IDE
3
50
50
100
SEMESTER II
20-306-2215
Natural Resource Management
IDE
3
50
50
100
20-306-2216
Intellectual Property Right, Biosafety
and Bioethics
IDE
3
50
50
100
20-306-2217
Bio-nanotechnology
IDE
3
50
50
100
SEMESTER III
20-306-2313
Industrial Ecology
C
3
50
50
100
20-306-2314
Energy Resources and Management
C
3
50
50
100
9
School of Environmental Studies, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin
Syllabus 2019 - 2022
SCHOOL OF ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
M.Sc. Environmental Science & Technology [2020 -2023]
SEMESTER I
20-306- 2101 Environmental Biology (Theory, Core- 3 Credits)
Course Description
Environmental Biology is a physical Science at the intersection of environmental science, ecology,
evolution, and global change. Environmental biology examines the ways organisms, species, and
communities influence, and is impacted by, natural and human-altered ecosystems. The subject
emphasizes an education in core scientific principles, critical reading and writing skills, and the ability
to understand, apply and communicate scientific concepts and results.
Course Objectives
To give an overview of environmental biology and to describe how the ecosystem functions.
To apply ecological principles in understanding the human impact on the environment and to
critically evaluate the scientific basis of environmental issues
Learning Outcomes
Upon successful completion of this course, students should be able to:
Course Outcome [CO]
Cognitive Level
CO1: Explain the environmental conditions and recourses for life and
their interactions and interdependence
Understand
CO2: Discuss the concepts of population ecology, explaining the
relationships among populations, and predicting species distributions
Analyse
CO3: Understand the structure, functions and dynamics of communities
Understand the concepts of ecosystems
Understand
CO4: Explain habitat degradation and ecosystems response
Analyse
CO5: Explain the progresses in the present scenario of integrating
environment and development
Analyse
10
School of Environmental Studies, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin
Syllabus 2019 - 2022
Assessment Pattern
Category
Continuous
assessment tests
Examination
1
2
3
Remember
-
-
-
-
Understand
50
50
50
50
Apply
-
-
-
-
Analyse
40
40
40
40
Evaluate
10
10
10
10
Create
-
-
-
-
Course level assessment questions
Course Outcome 1:
1. How does ecology and environmentalism differ? In what way does environmentalism depend on
the science of ecology?
2. How does evolution differ from natural selection?
3. What does it mean to say that life on earth is carbon based?
4. What behaviors help poikilotherms maintain a fairly constant temperature during their season of
activity
Course Outcome 2:
1. How might social dominance within a population function to regulate population growth
2. Discuss the tradeoff in the number of offspring produced and the degree of parental care
3. Distinguish between intraspecific and interspecific competition. How do they affect species as a
form of environmental resistance?
Course Outcome 3:
1. What are the major human intrusions into each of carbon, phosphorus, and nitrogen cycle?
2. Distinguish between edge, border and ecotone
3. How does primary productivity function as a constraint on secondary productivity in
ecosystems?
Course Outcome 4:
1. What is the leading cause of current species extinctions? Explain
2. How might climate change influence human health, both directly and indirectly?
3. What is marine debris, how does it affect the marine life?
4. How has the landscape around your home or neighborhood changed since you were a young
boy or a girl? What processes have been responsible or the changes
Course Outcome 5:
1. What are the objectives of Ramsar Convention?
2. Describe the international efforts that are currently in place to protect our ozone shield. What
evidence are there that such efforts are effective?
3. What are the key challenges to effective global environmental governance?
11
School of Environmental Studies, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin
Syllabus 2019 - 2022
SYLLABUS
Unit 1 Environmental Conditions and Resources for Life: Origin of life and Speciation, Human
ecology and settlement. Effect of condition-temperature, light and moisture on organisms, condition
as stimuli-photoperiod, effect of condition on interaction between organisms. Plant resources- solar
radiation, water, mineral nutrients, carbon dioxide. Animals and their resources- nutritional needs and
provisions, defense, intraspecific competition for resources. Ecological niche.
Unit 2 Population Ecology: Interactions and population regulation - Characteristics of population,
concept of carrying capacity, population growth and regulations, population fluctuations, dispersion
and metapopulation, concept of ‘r & k’ species; key stone species community ecology – definition,
community concepts, types of interaction, mutualism, commensalism, predation, herbivore, parasitism
and allelopathy; biological invasions; Ecological effects of interspecific competition, predator- prey
fitness, predator behaviour, population dynamics of predation. Life cycles and reproduction, birth and
death rates, dispersal and migration, population size and patterns of growth.
Unit 3 Dynamics of Communities: Structure of communities - Biotic and A-biotic components;
functions - energy flow in ecosystems, energy flow models, food chain and food web; biogeochemical
cycles, ecological successions; species diversity, concept of ecotone, edge effects, ecological
habitats; ecosystem stability and factors affecting stability; ecosystem services and quantifications
Temporal patterns in community composition. Disturbance and succession. Food web-structure and
function. Concept of Ecosystem. Flux of energy and matter through ecosystem- primary
productivity, fate of primary productivity, energy transfer efficiency. Process of decomposition.
Unit 4 Habitat Degradation and Ecosystems: Degradation trends, causes and concerns. Biological
effects of soil erosion, Responses of communities and ecosystems to global change- climate change,
ozone depletion, air pollution. Deterioration of lakes and rivers- eutrophication, de-oxygenation,
Marine pollution and organism responses.
Unit 5 Integrating Environment and Development: Integrating environment and development-
The UN Conference on the Human Environment. The Earth Summit, Environmental agreements- the
Ramsar Convention, CITES, The Kyoto Protocol, The Montreal Protocol, The Basel Convention,
The Convention on Biodiversity. Defining sustainable development. Environmentalism.
Environmental governance.
References
1. Thomas, M. S.; Robert L. S.; (2013). “Elements of Ecology”. Pearson; 8
th
edition, ISBN-
13: 978-1292027593
2. Begon, M.; Townsend, C.R.; Harper, J. L.; (2006). “Ecology From individuals to
ecosystems”. 4
th
edition. Malden, Blackwell.
3. George, L.C.; (2018). “Elements of Ecology”. Sagwan Press ISBN-13: 978-1376985566
4. Whittaker, R. H.; (1970). “Communities and Ecosystems” : Collier Macmillan Ltd (ISBN-
13: 978-0024274007
5. Krebs, C.; (2008). “The Ecological World View”. CSIRO. Australia
6. Sharma, P.D.; (2017). “Ecology and Environment”. Rastogi Publications; 13th edition
ISBN-13: 978-9350781227
7. Odum, E.P.; (1993). “Fundamentals of Ecolgy”.W.B.Saunders Co., USA
12
School of Environmental Studies, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin
Syllabus 2019 - 2022
8. Townsend, C.R.; Begon, M.; Harper, J.L.; (2008). “Essentials of Ecology”. Blackwell
Publs.UK
9. Ozturk, M.; Mermut, A.R.; Celik, A.; (2011). “Urbanisation, land use, land degradation and
environment”. Daya Publishing House, Delhi
10. https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/
20-306- 2102 Environmental Chemistry (Theory, Core - 3 Credits)
Course Description
Physico-chemical and biogeochemical phenomena in our environment are the core of the Course-
Environmental Chemistry. The course involves an interdisciplinary study of sources, various natural
reactions, transport, effects and fates of chemical species in the soil, water and air environment. The
course: Environmental Chemistry provides learners both basic and advanced level knowledge on
the chemistry of interactions occurring in natural environment with a special thrust on its theory and
practices followed. Detailed teaching and discussion on chemistry of atmosphere, hydrosphere,
geosphere, speciation of pollutants and environmental aspects of the biogeochemical processes is also
highlighted.
Course Objectives
The main objective of the course is to equip students with the knowledge of the chemical species and
processes in the various spheres of the environment and the interactions to enable them to master to
identify the specific issues and inter-relate them to the domain of environmental education to find
suitable solutions to pollution hazards and protection. The students must be able to apply the focal
concepts from multiple sub-disciplines of environmental chemistry, use technical and analytical skills
to understand the level and effects of chemicals in environment such as air, water, soil, biota, assess
the impact of chemical exposure on living systems and finally they will be equipped with full
potential and capacity to emerge as competent environmental analytical chemists in the practicing
core areas and familiarise the sophisticated instruments in analytical chemistry.
Learning Outcome
Having successfully completed this module, the student will be able to:
Course Outcome [CO]
Cognitive Level
CO1: have insight on fundamental characteristics of the various spheres
(atmosphere, hydrosphere, geosphere, biosphere and anthrosphere) of the
environment. Explain the sources, reactions, transport, effects and fates of
pollutants in environment
Understand
CO3: describe the effects of human activity on air, water and soil quality
Understand
CO4: acquire experience in field studies related with monitoring of
water, air and soil quality parameters
Apply
13
School of Environmental Studies, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin
Syllabus 2019 - 2022
Assessment Pattern
Category
Continuous Assessment
Tests
Examination
1
2
3
Remember
-
-
-
-
Understand
60
60
60
60
Apply
40
40
40
40
Analyse
-
-
-
-
Evaluate
-
-
-
-
Create
-
-
-
-
Course Level Assessment Questions
Course Outcome 1:
1. Write the chemical reactions involved in ozone formation and its depletion in atmosphere.
2. Explain alkalinity of natural bodies of water. How is it determined?
3. Write a short note on West-Geake method for the estimation of SO
2
in air.
4. Explain oxygen demanding substances and oxygen sag curve.
5. Briefly explain redox potential of natural bodies of water and its relation with pH.
6. Differentiate between BOD and COD.
Course Outcome 2:
1. Illustrate the sampling, preservation and fixation and analysis of dissolved oxygen in a field
survey.
2. Calculate the theoretical COD of a wastewater sample containing 250 mg/L of glucose
(C
6
H
12
O
6
).
3. Using Henry’s law estimate the concentration of oxygen in water saturated with air at 1.00
atm and 25
o
C considering that dry air is 20.95% by volume oxygen, henrys law constant for
oxygen is 1.28 x 10
-3
K (mol/L/atm).
4. You have been assigned to collect and determine the heavy metal concentration in soil
samples from an industrially polluted region and also some control points; explain the field
visit, sampling, and preservation, sample preparation analytical methodology and suggest
suitable instrumental method and calibration of the instrument.
SYLLABUS
Unit 1 Chemistry of Atmosphere: Definition and importance of atmosphere- Chemical Composition
of unpolluted air at sea level- Thermal Stratification of the atmosphere and Chemical Speciation in its
different layers-Chemical and photochemical reaction in the atmosphere. Reactions of atmospheric
nitrogen, oxygen, ozone and water. Role of CO
2
in the atmosphere. Pollutants in the atmosphere:
Particles in the atmosphere: Introduction- Chemical processes for the formation of organic and
inorganic particulate matter-Composition of organic and inorganic particles-Reactions involving
particles in the atmosphere. Gaseous inorganic air pollutants: Sources and Chemical reactions of CO,
NH
3,
SO
X,
NO
X
, fluorine, chlorine and their gaseous compounds and reduced sulphur gases (H
2
S, CS
2
and COS). Organic air Pollutants: Sources and chemical reactions of pollutant hydrocarbons,
aldehydes, ketones, organohalogen, organosulphur and organonitrogen compounds. Introduction to
Anthropogenic Changes in the Atmosphere: Acid rain, Greenhouse effect and Global warming, Ozone
layer depletion, Photochemical smog.
14
School of Environmental Studies, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin
Syllabus 2019 - 2022
Unit 2 Chemistry of Hydrosphere: Definition of Hydrosphere-Importance of water-Distribution of
water on the earth- Hydrological cycle-Characteristics of natural waters and processes that affect their
composition-Structure of water-Unique properties of water and their environmental significance-
Solubility of gases in water-Henry’s law- Acid-base, redox and complexation reactions in water.
Basic concepts of pollution in the Hydrosphere: Introduction, Nature and types of water pollutants,
point and non-point sources. Elemental pollutants: Heavy metals (Hg, Cd, Pb and Cr) and metalloids
(As). Inorganic Species: Algal nutrients and eutrophication-acidity, alkalinity and salinity, Oxygen
demanding materials, Concept of BOD and COD, Organic pollutants: Pesticides and PCB’s,
Radionuclides. Basic concepts on Drinking water treatment: Coagulation and flocculation,
Sedimentation and Filtration, Disinfection and Softening. Fundamentals of Wastewater Treatment:
Primary, Secondary and Advanced treatment methods.
Unit 3 Chemistry of Lithosphere: Introduction-Definition of geosphere- nature of solids in the
geosphere- kinds of minerals and rocks and their properties- rock cycle- stages of weathering-
physical, chemical and biological aspects of weathering- sediments-clays-Ground water in the
geosphere. Distribution of water in earth, hydrology and hydrogeology, major basins and groundwater
provinces of India, Geological weathering reactions, erosion, transportation and deposition of
sediments. Geochemical classification of elements, abundance of elements in earth crust. Partitioning
of elements during surficial geologic processes, Geochemical recycling of elements. Biogeochemical
cycles of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous and sulphur. Soil: Definition and importance - soil
formation- soil horizon and soil profile. Soil forming minerals and process of soil formation,
Identification and characterization of clay minerals, Soil physical and chemical properties, soil types
and climate control on soil formation, Cation exchange capacity and mineralogical controls.
Composition and physiochemical properties of soil- Water, air, organic and inorganic components of
soil- Ion-exchange and acid-base reactions in soil- micro and macronutrients in soil- NPK in soil.
Synthetic fertilizers (N, P and K), pesticides, heavy metals and wastes as soil pollutants.
Unit 4 Environmental chemical analysis: Analysis of Air: Air sampling techniques and analytical
methods for monitoring SO
2
, NO
X
, CO, H
2
S and Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM). Analysis of
Water and Wastewater: Sampling, preservation, storage, pre-treatment and analytical methods (one
each) for the measurement of the following parameters : colour, turbidity, electrical conductivity,
acidity, alkalinity, hardness, DO, BOD, COD, pH, redox potential, chloride, fluoride, nitrite, nitrate,
ammonia, phosphate, silicate and Metals. Analysis of Soils: Sampling and storage, Pre-treatment,
Extraction of organic contaminants, extraction of available ions-Dissolution technique for the
determination of total metal concentration in soil- Determination of pH, Cation Exchange Capacity
(CEC), total and available metal ions.
Unit 5 Principles and applications of selected analytical methods used in environmental
chemical analysis: Titrimetry, Gravimetry, Colorimetry, Spectrophotometry, Fluorimetry,
Nephelometry and Turbidimetry, Flame photometry, Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry, X-ray
fluorescence (XRF) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), Potentiometry, Gas-Solid Chromatography (GSC),
Gas-Liquid Chromatography (GLC), High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and
Electrophoresis.
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School of Environmental Studies, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin
Syllabus 2019 - 2022
References
1. Stanley, E. M.; (2017). “Environmental Chemistry”. CRC Press
2. Balaram Pani.; (2017). “Textbook of Environmental Chemistry”, 2/e, ISBN:9789386768025,
Pages : 594
3. Popek, E.; (2017). “Sampling and Analysis of Environmental Chemical Pollutants, A
Complete Guide”. 2
nd
Edition, ISBN: 9780128032022, Elsevier.
4. Colin, B.; Michael, C.; (2012). “Environmental Chemistry”. 5
th
Edition: ed
W.H.Freeman & Co Ltd, ISBN: 9781464113499, pages: 736.
5. Stanley, E. M.; (2010). “Environmental Chemistry”. 9
th
Edition, CRC Press, London.
6. Douglas, A.; Skoog, F.; James, H.; Stanley, R. C.; (2009). “Instrumental Analysis”. 3
rd
Indian Reprint, Brooks/Cole, a part of Cengage Learning.
7. James, E. G.; (2009). “Principles of Environmental Chemistry”. Publisher: Jones & Bartlett;
ISBN: 0763759392
8. John, H.; Seinfeld.; Spyros, N. P.; (2006). “Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics”. 2
nd
edition, John Wiley.
9. James, E. G.; (2005). “Principles of Environmental Chemistry”. Jones and Barlett
Publishers, London.
10. Andrew, D. E.;, Lenore, S. G.; Eugene, W. R.; Arnold, E. G.; (Eds) (2005). “Standards
Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater Analysis”. 21
st
Edition, APHA,
Washington DC.
11. Clair, N. S.; Perry L. Mc Carty.; Gene F. P.; (2003). “Chemistry for Environmental
Engineering and Science”. Tata McGraw Hill.
12. Roger, N.; Reeve.; (2002). “Introduction to Environmental Analysis”. Published by John
Wiley & Sons Ltd, Chichester.
13. Fifield, F.W.; (2000). “Environmental Analytical Chemistry”. 2
nd
Edition, Blackwell
Publishers.
14. Daniel, J. J.; (1999). “Introduction to Atmospheric Chemistry”. Princeton University Press.
15. Douglas, A.; Skoog, F.; James, H.; Timothy, A. N.; (1998). “Principles of
Instrumental Analysis”. 5
th
Edition, Saunders College Publishing, Philadelphia.
16. Harrison, R.M.; (1995). “Pollution: Causes, Effects and Control”. The Royal Society of
Chemistry, Cambridge.
17. Peter, O. W.; (1976). “Analysis of Air Pollutants”. John Wiley & Sons, New York
20-306- 2103 Environmental Physics (Theory, Core- 2 Credits)
Course Description
The essential realisation that physical environment provides the main background for all human
activity on Earth, is the core of the subject. Physical systems create, maintain, and modify all features
that constitute Earth’s surface. The atmosphere, the biosphere, the hydrosphere, and the lithosphere
constitute the four components of the physical system. One must know the interactions within and
among these four components which actually serve as the physical surroundings of all living things
such as plants animals and humans on this earth. The energy flow form the Sun is fundamental to all
physical processes and this supports the habitability of our planet. A well-balanced equilibrium of this
energy flow within the planet makes it suitable for all living beings. The tilt of Earth and its revolution
around the Sun determines the various seasons. The variable heating pattern influences the climate
and weather as well as human activity. Understanding all these will help both personal and
16
School of Environmental Studies, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin
Syllabus 2019 - 2022
governmental decision-making. Students must understand various effects of physical systems on
Earth’s surface. This understanding will help students to see how the changing physical environment
is fundamental to all human activities.
Course Objective
The main objective is to understand the Earth's different physical systems, Earth-Sun relationships
that affect the conditions on the Earth and how the physical processes shape the features on Earth’s
surface. More specifically the course will identify various attributes of physical systems such as sky,
clouds, plants, soil, oceans, lakes and mountains, and further identify water features that comprise the
hydrosphere (this includes oceans, rivers, lakes, water vapor, ground water and different types of
precipitation). This would ultimately lead to a complete understanding of sun-earth system including
various interactions, thermodynamics, atmospheric stability, clouds and precipitation, hydrology, and
finally the structure and composition of the earth.
Learning outcome
After the completion of the course, the students will be able to:
Course Outcome [CO]
Cognitive Level
CO1: Comprehensive understanding of the climate, climate change various
climatic interactions and ocean phenomenon
Understand
CO2: Discuss the atmospheric stability and influence of meteorological factors
on the tropospheric dispersion of air pollutants
Understand
CO3: Asses the precipitation pattern and climate feedback
Evaluate
CO4: Discuss hydrological cycle with respect to surface and ground water
Understand
CO5: Complete understanding of lithosphere
Understand
Assessment Pattern
Category
Continuous
Assessment Tests
Examination
1
2
3
Remember
-
-
-
-
Understand
40
40
40
40
Apply
40
40
40
40
Analyse
20
20
20
20
Evaluate
-
-
-
-
Create
-
-
-
-
Course level assessment questions
Course Outcome 1:
1. Discuss about the energy transfer phenomenon in the atmosphere
2. Explain how the energy of the sun is being distributed through various steps
3. Analyze the effect of climate change on the advancing and retreating monsoon in India
4. Understanding the influence of oceans on climate.
17
School of Environmental Studies, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin
Syllabus 2019 - 2022
Course Outcome 2:
1. Analyze the ttropospheric ozone concentrations over the tropical oceans and industrial
regions
2. Discuss the increase/decrease in the concentrations of aerosol in the plumes from some
industrial sources as predicted by simple diffusion models.
3. Explain the role of free radicals in the formation of photochemical smog.
4. Analyze the role of environmental conditions in the dispersion of air pollutants.
Course Outcome 3:
1. Explain various forms of precipitation and its formation mechanisms.
2. Asses the role of precipitation in maintaining global hydrological cycle.
3. Discuss dispersion of pollutants through precipitation.
4. Analyze the influence of climate change on precipitation pattern.
Course Outcome 4 :
1. Evaluate the role of hydrological cycle in maintaining global water balance.
2. Analyze the various forms of interactions between surface water with ground water.
3. Explain the role of geology in determination of surface water and ground water quality.
Course Outcome 5 :
1. Discuss on the structure and composition of earth.
2. Discuss various physical processes (plate tectonics and continental drift theory) of geological
importance
3. Asses the mechanism behind of recycling of various minerals on earth.
4. Analyze the evolution of life forms on earth through geological time scale.
SYLLABUS
Unit 1 Sun-Earth System: Energy budget of the earth. Earth’s thermal environment and seasons.
Coriolis force, pressure gradient force, frictional force, geo-strophic wind field, gradient wind.
Climates of India, western disturbances, Indian monsoon, droughts. Geophysical fields. Solar
radiation – Radiation laws. Global distribution of solar radiation, effect of atmosphere on solar
radiation – Scattering, Absorption and Reflection, Earth’s albedo, Terrestrial Radiation, Greenhouse
Effect, Global Warming. State & Structure of Atmosphere and Atmospheric Circulation – Pressure,
temperature, humidity, precipitation, radiation and wind, - Vertical thermal structure of the
atmosphere. Mean heat balance of the earth-atmosphere system, General circulation of the
atmosphere and Indian Monsoons. Tropical Cyclones, Anticyclones and Local winds. General
Circulation of Oceans- Winds and surface circulation, Ocean Gyres, causes of ocean currents -
Characteristics of convergence, divergence, upwelling & sinking of ocean waters, Ekman spiral and
Ekman transport. Deep-sea circulation - Vertical structure of oceans - Salinity, temperature and
density variations - Bottom water formation and Thermohaline conveyor belt.
Unit 2 Thermodynamics, Atmospheric Stability: Composition of dry air and atmospheric water
vapour content. Potential temperature, virtual temperature, isothermal and adiabatic processes, dry
and saturated adiabatic lapse rates. Stable, unstable and neutral equilibria. Inversions. Atmospheric
Boundary Layer - Depth, structure, diurnal variations and their significance in pollutant dispersion.
Unit 3: Clouds and Precipitation: Cloud formation and classification - Aerosols, condensation and
ice nuclei, droplet growth - curvature and solute effects, water vapour diffusion, precipitation
18
School of Environmental Studies, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin
Syllabus 2019 - 2022
mechanisms. Weather modification. Weather and Climate - Climatic zones, continental & maritime
climates. Climate change and variability -Natural changes and anthropogenic causes of climate
change, Climate feedbacks -Ice-albedo, cloud - albedo and CO
2
feedbacks. Present day Climate
variability- El Nino, La Nina and ENSO events
Unit 4: Hydrology: Global water balance, Hydrological cycle - Inter-relationship of surface,
groundwater and stream-flow. Stream hydrograph. Factors influencing surface water. Influence of
geology on groundwater - porosity, specific retention and specific yield. Groundwater Quality -
Physical, biological and chemical properties. Stable isotopes in Hydrological studies.
Unit 5: Structure and Composition of the Earth: Crust, mantle, core, earth’s magnetic field.
Recycling of the Lithosphere - The rock cycle, weathering (physical, chemical and biological) and
erosion, sedimentation, metamorphism. Process in which rain, wind and ice slowly wears away rocks
and soils. Rock types - Igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks. Soil formation. Concept of
plate tectonics and continental drift. Geological time-scales. Geological Hazards - Floods,
Landslides, Earthquakes, Volcanism, Avalanche.
References
1. Dietrich, G.; Kalle, K.; Kraus, W.; Sielder, G.; (1980). General Oceanography - An Introduction,
John Wiley & Sons.
2. Stull, R.B.; 1988. “An Introduction to Boundary Layer Meteorology”. Kluwer Academic
Publications,
3. Barry, R.G.; Chorley, R.J.; (1991).Atmosphere, Weather and Climate; Wiley.
4. Bell, F.G.; (1998). “Environmental Geology- Principles and Practice”; Blackwell Science
Publishers London,.
5. Linn, D.H.F.; Liptak, B.G.; (2000). “Air Pollution”. Lewis Publishers.
6. Monteith, J.; Unsworth, M.; (2006). The Atmosphere and Ocean - A Physical Introduction; John
Wiley & Sons,.
7. Shyam, S.; Verma H.N.; Bhargava S K.; (2006). “Air Pollution and its impact on plant Growth”.
New India Publishing Agency.
8. Saxena, H.M.; (2006). “Environmental Studies”. Rawat Publications,
9. Moral, R.D.; Walker, L.R.; (2007). “Environmental Disasters, Natural Recovery and Human
Responses”; Cambridge.
10. Strahler, A.H.; Strahler, A.N.; (2007). Physical Geography; Wiley India Pvt Ltd.
11. Reddy, R.K.; Rao, V.B.; Sarala, C.; (2014). “Hydrology and Watershed Management”; Allied
Publishers,.
12. Mal, S.; Singh, R.B.; Huggel, C.; (2017). “Climate Change, extreme events and disaster risk
reduction”. Springer.
13. Novak, V.; Hlavacikova H.; (2018). “Applied Soil Hydrology”. Springer,
14. Singh, S.K.; Dhanya, C.T.; 2019. “Hydrology in a Changing World”. Springer,
15. Hewitt, N.; Jackson, A.V.; (2020). “Atmospheric Science for Environmental Scientists; Wiley.
16. Todd D K and Mays L W, Groundwater Hydrology (2004), 3
rd
Edition, Wiley, Pvt Ltd.
20-306-2104 Applied Mathematics and Statistics (Theory, Core - 2 Credits)
Course Description
Environmental sciences and technology are rapidly expanding with an increased need for more
quantitative analysis of the data. Mathematics, statistics and computers are becoming more important
19
School of Environmental Studies, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin
Syllabus 2019 - 2022
to the environmental science work force. The students are expected to appreciate the usefulness of
differential and integral calculus, differential equations and statistical techniques to relate the
mathematics of environmental science problems in their real life.
Course Objective
The main objective of this course is to provide student basic calculus and statistical skills to develop
mathematical models for environmental sciences, to help analyse data, and to use mathematics
software for solving environmental science problems. This course is an engaging introduction to
differential and integral calculus, differential equations and statistical analysis for environmental
sciences. The central themes of the course will be functions as mathematical models for life science
problems, and determination and analysis of these functions by using differentiation and integration
tools and computer software.
Learning outcome
After the completion of the course, the students will be able to:
Course Outcome (CO)
Cognitive Level
CO1: Ability to compute derivatives and integrals of moderate complexity
involving polynomials, exponentials, and logarithms
Understand
CO2: Knowledge of basic statistical methods to solve problems and ability to
operate various statistical software packages
Apply
CO3:
Ability to model environmental problems with basic functions: linear,
polynomial, exponential, logarithmic, and trigonometry.
Apply
CO4: Apply methods from discrete and continuous dynamical systems to
solve problems from environmental science.
Apply
CO5: Read and analyze graphs fitting real environmental data.
Apply
Assessment Pattern
Category
Assessment Tests
Examination
1
2
3
Remember
20
20
20
20
Understand
40
40
40
40
Apply
40
40
40
40
Analyse
-
-
-
-
Evaluate
-
-
-
-
Create
-
-
-
-
SYLLABUS
Unit 1 Limits: Limits of Functions at Infinity - Limits of Functions at Finite Numbers - Limits:
Algebraic Methods - Continuity.
20
School of Environmental Studies, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin
Syllabus 2019 - 2022
Derivatives: Derivatives and Rates of Change - The Derivatives as a Function - Basic Differentiation
Formulas - The Product and Quotient Rules - The Chain Rule - Exponential Growth and Decay -
Derivatives of Logarithmic Functions - Tangent Line Approximations.
Applications of Derivatives: Maximum and Minimum Values - Increasing and Decreasing Functions,
Concavity, Graphing with Technology - L’Hospital’s Rule: Indeterminate Quotients - Optimization
Problems.
Unit 2 Integrals: Areas and Distances - The Definite Integral - Midpoint Rule - The Fundamental
Theorem of Calculus -The Substitution Rule - Improper Integrals.
Multivariable Calculus: Functions of Several Variables - Partial Derivative.
Unit 3 Differential Equations: Modeling with Differential Equations - Phase Plots, Equilibria, and
Stability - Direction Fields - Separable Equations
Unit 4 Collection, classification and tabulation of data: Essentials of good tabular form.
Preparation of one-way and two-way frequency tables. Diagrammatic and graphical representation of
data (data bar, pie, picot and histograms, frequency polygons), frequency curves and cumulative
curves. Measures of central tendency and dispersion: mean, median, mode , range, standard and
relative deviation, coefficient of variation, skewness, kurtosis, confidence limits and confidence
intervals and normal distribution curve, Analysis of variance one way and two way classification,
probit analysis
Unit 5 Accuracy, precision and errors: Classification, Minimization of errors, Rejection of data. Z,
t, F, and chi-square tests,
Correlation and Regression: Pearson’s coefficient, Spearman’s coefficient, regression lines and their
use. Curve fitting.
Probability: Exclusive and independent events, addition and multiplication theorems, dependent
events and conditional probability.
Application of Computer in Statistics: Data analysis using Excel sheet – Statistical analysis using
packages like SPSS.
References:
1. Marvin, L. B.; Neal, B.; John, Q.; (2008). “Calculus for the Life Sciences”, Pearson Custom
Publishing.
2. James, S.; Troy D.; (2015). “Biocalculus: Calculus for the Life Sciences”. Cengage Learning,
3. Barnett Vic.; (2003). “Environmental Statistics: Methods and Applications”. JohnWiley &
Sons, NewYork.
20-306- 2105 Environmental Microbiology (Theory, Core- 3 Credits)
Course Description
21
School of Environmental Studies, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin
Syllabus 2019 - 2022
This course will introduce students to the field of environmental microbiology- study of microbes in
natural environment, its fundamental aspects and basic principles. Course also will provide an insight
to the molecular aspects of microbiology, types of microbes present in the environment and its
structure, reproduction mechanism and pathological aspects. By the end of the course students can
understand and explain the basic principles of instruments used in microbiology, molecular
microbiological aspects, structure and functions of various microorganisms in the environment.
Course Objectives
Course aims to introduce basic biology students to the world of microbes. Students will familiarize
with different types of microbes present in the environment, to isolate those microbes, identify and
characterize them. Course will cover the structure, reproduction, clinical manifestations, epidemiology
and preventive measures of different pathogens present in the environment.
Learning outcome
After completion of the full course the student should be able to:
Course Outcome
Cognitive Level
CO1: Explain the basics of microbiological techniques,
isolation techniques and instruments used
Remember
CO2: Discuss the concept and goal of molecular
microbiology, gene structure and regulation in bacteria
Understand
CO3: Describe the structure, function, nutrition and its
uptake in bacteria, fungi, protozoa and algae
Understand
CO4: Discuss the structure, properties and cultivation of
pathogenic viruses
Understand
CO5: Describe the microbial interactions, nutrient cycling,
factors affecting their growth and microbial ecology
Understand
Assessment Pattern
Category
Continuous
assessment tests
Examination
1
2
3
Remember
30
40
30
40
Understand
70
60
70
60
Apply
-
-
-
-
Analyse
-
-
-
-
Evaluate
-
-
-
-
Create
-
-
-
-
Course Level Assessment Questions
Course Outcome 1:
22
School of Environmental Studies, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin
Syllabus 2019 - 2022
1. Illustrate and explain the different microscopes used in microbiology and their applications
2. Briefly explain the microbial isolation and culturing techniques
3. What are the different physical and chemical method to control the microorganisms
Course Outcome 2:
1. Explain briefly about structure of DNA
2. What are the different operons regulation in bacteria
Describe in detail about types of PCR
Course Outcome 3:
1. Discussthevarious components outside the bacterial cell wall
2. Explain the role of ATP in bacterial metabolism
3. Briefly explain the process of
22
hysic
22
tions and excystation
4. Write in detail about classification of algae
Course Outcome 4:
1. Explain in detail about production of viral vaccines
2. Describe the methods for cultivating viruses
3. Briefly explain about viral reproductive cycles
Course Outcome 5:
1. What are the different microbial interactions persist in the environment
2. Discuss in detail about major nutrient cycles in bacteria
3. How a bacteria growth can be affected by environmental factors
SYLLABUS
Unit 1: Introduction to Microbiology History and scope of microbiology; Different kinds of media
for isolation and study of microorganisms; Preparation of media- different types- Preparation-
sterilization- use of hot air oven, autoclaves, filtration apparatus, laminar flow systems, use of
disinfectants for routine work; Microbiological water and sediment samplers; Microscope and
microscopy; Concept of pure cultures and methods of obtaining pure cultures; Aerobic,
microaerophilic, facultative anaerobic and obligate anaerobic microbes- methods of culture; Principles
and applications of Centrifugation, Chromatograph, Electrophoresis, Spectrophotometry, Radio
isotope techniques, Auto radiography, Liquid scintillation counter, Non radioactive labeling, Flow
cytometry, Lumiometer, Microtox, Sonicator; Control of microorganisms by physical and chemical
agents – definitions, the pattern of microbial death, conditions influencing the effectiveness of
antimicrobial agents: Heat and cold, radiations, phenolics, alcohols, heavy metals, quaternary
ammonium compounds, aldehydes, sterilizing gases, antibiotics, evaluation of antimicrobial agents’
effectiveness.
Unit 2 Fundamentals in molecular biology: Concepts and criteria of molecular microbiology: Goal
of molecular biology, Model biological systems, Concepts of molecular biology, Logic of molecular
biology; Structure of nucleic acids - DNA and RNA: Various types of chemical bonds that determine
23
School of Environmental Studies, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin
Syllabus 2019 - 2022
the three dimensional structure of nucleic acids, Nucleotides, nitrogenous bases, Helical nature of
nucleic acids, Anti parallel nature of DNA, convention of writing the sequences, G+C ratio,
Denaturation and renaturation of DNA, Hybridization -DNA -DNA hybridization and DNA -RNA
hybridization, Organization of DNA in a prokaryotic cell; DNA replication: Enzymes involved - DNA
polymerase, Helicases, Topoisomeases, Gyrase, Hydrolysis of nucleic acids - Exo and endo nucleases,
Producing DNA fragments - Initiation of DNA replication- Origin of replication (ori) - de novo
initiation, Covalent extension initiation, Elongation of newly synthesized strands, Correcting
mismatches - Nick translation, Primers – Primase, Continuous and discontinuous synthesis, DNA
ligases, RNAase H, Mutations and their chemical basis, Detection and isolation of mutants, DNA
repair; Ribosomes and RNA: mRNA, tRNA, rRNA; Genetic code; Gene structure; Regulation of gene
activity in prokaryotes: Transcription, Translation- polypeptide synthesis, Regulation of gene activity
-Principles of regulation - Coordinate regulation and Transcriptional regulations, Feed back inhibition
-, E coli lactose system and operon model, Attenuation, Global regulatory systems - catabolic
repression, Regulation by sigma factors and control of sporulation -, Small RNAs and regulation, Two
component phosphorelay systems and control of cell cycle; PCR and related applications - PCR
components and conditions, Conduct of polymerase chain reaction - PCR variations -Nested PCR,
Inverse PCR, Reverse -transcriptase PCR, Real time PCR; DNA sequencing -Sanger’s chain
termination method, Automated DNA sequencer, BLAST search algorithm, Construction of
phylogenetic tree and Next generation sequencers; Genome annotation, Structural and functional
genomics, Whole genome shot gun sequencing; Metagenomics.
Unit 3 Bacteria, Fungi, Protozoans and Microalgae: Bacteria - Cell structure: size, shape and
arrangements, cell organization - cell membranes, cytoplasmic matrix, nucleoid, cell wall,
components external to the cell wall - capsule, slime layers and S - layers, pilli and fimbriae, flagella,
motility and chemotaxix. Bacterial endospores; Characterization – phenotypic, genotypic and
serological; Over view of Bergey’s manual of determinative bacteriology; Autotrophic and
heterotrophic metabolism - laws of thermodynamics, free energy reactions, the role of ATP in
reactions, oxidation reduction reactions, and electron carriers, basic energy yielding mechanism,
biosynthetic pathways, anaerobic respiration and fermentation; Bacterial nutrition - Common nutrient
requirements - requirement for carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorous and sulphur,
nutritional types, requirements for growth factors; Nutrient up take- Passive diffusion and active
transport, group translocation and ion uptake. Bacterial growth- Growth curve, mathematics of
growth, measurement of microbial growth, continuous culture of microorganisms. Fungi: Basic
concepts, distribution, importance, structure, nutrition and metabolism, reproduction, characteristics
of fungal division and classification.Protozoans: Basic concepts, distribution, importance,
morphology, nutrition, encystment and excystment, locomotoryorganells, reproduction and
classification.Microalgae: Basic concepts, distribution, structure, algal nutrition, algal reproduction,
characteristics, classification.
Unit 4. Viruses: Early development in virology; General properties of viruses; Cultivation of viruses;
Virus preparation; purification and assays; Structure of viruses; Principles of virus taxonomy;
Bacteriophages –classification, reproduction of dsDNA, ssDNA, dsRNA and ssRNA phages,
Temperate bacteriophages and lysogeny; Viruses of eukaryotes – classification of animal and plant
viruses, reproduction, cytocidal infection and cell damage; Persistent, latent and slow virus infection;
Insect and insect borne viruses; Viroids and prions; Viruses of fungi, algae and protozoans; Virus
vaccines and interferons.
Unit 5 Microorganisms Interaction and Microbial Ecology: Foundations of microbial ecology and
microbial interactions- mutualism, cooperation, commensalisms, predation, parasitism, amensalism,
24
School of Environmental Studies, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin
Syllabus 2019 - 2022
competition, symbiosis in complex systems; Influence of environmental factors on growth - solute
and water activity, pH, temperature, oxygen concentration, pressure, radiation; Microbial growth in
natural environment- growth limitation by environmental factors, counting viable but non -cultivable
cells, quorum sensing, and microbial populations; Nutrient cycling interactions - carbon cycle, sulphur
cycle, nitrogen cycle, manganese cycle, microorganisms and metal toxicity; The physical environment
- Microenvironment and niche, biofilm and microbial mats, microorganisms and ecosystems,
microorganism movement between ecosystems; Methods in microbial ecology- Examination of
microbial communities as complex assemblages - number, type, microbial community structure, and
constituents; Stress and viability of microorganisms; Microbial activity and turn over, recovery or
addition of individual microbes; General perspectives on microbial communities in aquatic
environment, terrestrial systems, plants and animals.
References
1. Clark, D.P.; (2010). “Molecular Biology”. Elsevier Inc. Amsterdam.
2. Daniel, D. C. ;(2012). “Environmental Science”. 9
th
Edition Jones & Bartlett Learnng
3. Flint, S.J.; Enquist, L.W.; Racaniello, V.R.; Skalka, A.M.; (2009). “Principles of Virology”.
(3
rd
Edition) ASM Press, Washington, DC.
4. Fulekar,M.H.; (2010). “Environmental Microbiology”. Science Publishers CRC Press Taylor
& Francis Group.
5. Gerald, K.; (2010). “Cell Biology”. 6
th
Edition International Student Version John Wiley &
Sons, Limited, Willey-Blackwell, USA.
6. Jeffrey, C.; Pommerville.; (2004). “Alcamos Fundamentals of Microbiology”. 7
th
Edition
Jones & Bartlett Publishers.
7. Michael, T. M.; , John, M. M.; Paul, V. D.; David, P. C.; (2003). “Brock Biology of
Microorganisms”.10
th
Edition San Francisco, CA : Pearson/Benjamin Cummings
8. Prescott, L.M.; Hareley J.P.; Klein, D.A.; (2005). “Microbiology”. (6
th
Edition). McGraw –
Hill Publishing Co. Ltd.
9. Raina M. M.; Ian L. P.; Charles, P. G.; (2006). “Environmental Microbiology”. Elsevier,
Academic Press, San Diego, CA, USA.
20-306- 2106 Environmental Pollution (Theory, Elective -3 Credits)
Course Description
Quality of air, water and soil plays a vital role for maintaining health, safety and security of mankind,
ecosystems and natural environment. Urbanization and industrialization ultimately deteriorating the
quality of the above environmental systems and many species face threat for survival. Service life,
aesthetic beauty of materials and economic slowdown of society are also directly related to the quality
of the natural systems. The science of interaction of many material components in air, water and soil
strata and their concentration distribution profiles measured, analyzed and interpreted as per the
assured regulations for decision making to ensure a safe living to all is the essential necessity of this
course.
Exposure to the principles of sampling, gravimetric, wet-chemical, continuous/ real-time instrumental
techniques used in the conventional measurement methods are prescribed. It will achieve the student
to improve their capability to understand, to monitor, evaluate and take appropriate decisions so as to
enable them to support the Government and society in many ways to provide timely directions to
ensure a secured healthy living and wellbeing.
25
School of Environmental Studies, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin
Syllabus 2019 - 2022
Course Objective
To give exposure to the students to the pollution problems, science of interaction of chemical
ingredients and molecules in the natural and industrial (man-made) environment, the need of
regulation, directive approaches and statutory guidelines for prevention and control for abatement.
Methodology to be followed for monitoring and reporting to decision making authorities in the
capacity of Environmental Experts for organizations, departments and judiciary. Students will get an
overall basis for originating innovative thoughts to link environmental analytics with legal
jurisprudence to support industry, pollution control boards, courts and tribunals.
Learning Outcome
On the successful completion of the course, students will be able to realise the important pollutants as
well as the rules governing air and water pollution, hazardous wastes, hazardous chemicals, notified
under the various acts; The water (prevention & control of pollution) act,1974; The air (prevention &
control of pollution) act,1981; The environment protection act, 1986. Students will be equipped with
enough capacity to take up pollution problems as case studies and prepare reports to organisations and
courts if they are delegated as experts in their professional career.
Course Outcome [CO]
Cognitive Level
CO1: Sources, nature and magnitude of air pollution as per the statutory
regulation and standards, method of analysis and evolution of the extent of
pollution.
Understand
CO2: Expertise achieved to realize sources, nature and magnitude of
Noise pollution as per the statutory regulation and standards, method of
analysis and evaluation of the extent of pollution.
Apply
CO3: Expertise achieved to decide sources, nature and magnitude of
water pollution as per the statutory regulation and standards, method of
analysis and evaluation of the extent of pollution.
Analyse
CO4: Expertise achieved to realize the sources of air pollution as per the
statutory regulation and standards, method of analysis and evaluation of
the extent of pollution.
Evaluate
CO5: Expertise attained to study the pollution problems assigned,
capable enough to prepare documents and reports to the authorities
Create
Assessment Pattern
Category
Continuous assessment
tests
Examination
1
2
3
Remember
-
-
-
-
Understand
10
10
10
10
Apply
20
20
20
20
Analyse
20
20
20
20
Evaluate
20
20
20
20
Create
20
20
20
20
Course Level Assessment Questions
Course Outcome 1:
1. What is Water Act?
26
School of Environmental Studies, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin
Syllabus 2019 - 2022
2. What are the ambient air quality standards of India?
3. How particulate matter is measured by High Volume Sampler?
Course Outcome 2:
1. Describe the significance of Noise Measured as Leq, L10, L90, L50, LDN, TNI
2. Describe the instrumentation and measurement protocols followed for Noise Pollution
3. Discuss the importance of Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control), Rules 2000 as amended to
date 2020.
Course Outcome 3:
1. Discuss the Water Quality Parameters of the Effluent Discharged from a Petrochemical Industries,
on the basis of permitted standards.
2. How will you sample, analyse and report the Drinking Water Quality of a Dugwell source as per
the Standards.
3. Classify the water sources as per Designated Best Use, and propose the treatment required.
Course Outcome 4:
1. How will you analyse and report quality of soil from an industrial site?
2. Enumerate the pollution problems originated from a rubber processing industry. How the waste
water can be treated and disposed as per the regulation.
Course Outcome 5 :
1. How will you monitor the Air Pollution Problem of a Sulphuric acid manufacturing industry?
2. Discuss the pollution problems caused by a Glass Processing Industry
3. How will you take up a river quality monitoring programme as a case study, in accordance
with the statutory protocols as per CPCB guidelines?
SYLLABUS
Unit 1. Air Pollution: Air pollution control acts, rules and notifications issued thereunder by
Government of India. Sources and types of Pollutants - Natural and anthropogenic sources, primary
and secondary pollutants. Criteria air pollutants. Sampling and monitoring of air pollutants (gaseous
and particulates); period, frequency and duration of sampling. Principles and instruments for
measurements of (i) ambient air pollutants concentration and (ii) stack emissions. Indian National
Ambient Air Quality Standards. Impact of air pollutants on human health, plants and materials. Acid
rain & Dispersion of air pollutants. Mixing height/depth, lapse rates, Gaussian plume model, line
source model and area source model. Control devices for particulate matter: Principle and working of:
settling chamber, centrifugal collectors, wet collectors, fabric filters and electrostatic precipitator.
Control of gaseous pollutants through adsorption, absorption, condensation and combustion including
catalytic combustion. Indoor air pollution, Vehicular emissions and Urban air quality.
Unit 2. Noise Pollution: Noise pollution control acts, rules and notifications issued thereunder by
Government of India. Sources, weighting networks, measurement of noise indices (Leq, L10, L90,
L50, LDN, TNI). Noise dose and Noise Pollution standards. Noise control and abatement measures:
Active and Passive methods. Vibrations and their measurements. Impact of noise and vibrations on
human health.
Unit 3. Water Pollution: Water pollution control acts, rules and notifications issued thereunder by
Government of India. Types and sources of water pollution. Impact on humans, plants and animals.
Measurement of water quality parameters: sampling and analysis for pH, EC, turbidity, TDS,
hardness, chlorides, salinity, DO, BOD, COD, nitrates, phosphates, sulphates, heavy metals and
27
School of Environmental Studies, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin
Syllabus 2019 - 2022
organic contaminants. Microbiological analysis - MPN. Indian standards for drinking water
(IS:10500, 2012). Drinking water treatment: Coagulation and flocculation, Sedimentation and
Filtration, Disinfection and Softening. Wastewater Treatment: Primary, Secondary and Advanced
treatment methods. Common effluent treatment plant. Designated Best Use of Water Sources as per
CPCB.
Unit 4. Soil Pollution: Standards for Emission or Discharge of Environmental Pollutants from
selected industries of locality and relevant to Kerala (chemical, petrochemical, rubber, pulp and
paper, thermal, pesticide manufacturing, black carbon and sulphuric acid). Physico-chemical and
biological properties of soil (texture, structure, inorganic and organic components). Analysis of soil
quality. Soil Pollution control. Industrial effluents and their interactions with soil components. Soil
micro-organisms and their functions - degradation of pesticides and synthetic fertilizers.
Unit 5. Costal Regulation Zone 9 (CRZ), Environmental Impact Assessment Notification, The
Hazardous Wastes (Management, Handling and Transboundary Movement) Rules, 2008. Thermal
Pollution, Marine Pollution and Radioactive Materials: Sources of Thermal Pollution, Heat Islands,
causes and consequences. Sources and impact of Marine Pollution. Methods of Abatement of Marine
Pollution. Coastal management. Radioactive pollution - sources, biological effects of ionizing
radiations, radiation exposure and radiation standards, radiation protection. Monitoring, sampling,
analysis, interpretation and report writing taking up case studies.
References
1. Stanley, E. M.; (2017). “Environmental Chemistry”, CRC Press
2. Colin, B.; Michael, C.; Freeman, W.H.; (2008).”Environmental Chemistry”
3. Nyle, C. B.; (2019). “The nature and properties of soil”. Pearson education
4. Rao, M N.; Rao, H. V. N.; (2017). “Air Pollution”. Tata McGraw-Hill
5. Metcalf.; Eddy.; (2017).Waste Water Engineering: Treatment and reuses, , McGraw- Hill
6. CPCB, (2010). “Noise pollution control acts, rules and notifications issued thereunder by
Government of India”. Central Pollution Control Board, Pollution Control Law Series,
PCLS/02/2010 (6
th
Edition).
20-306- 2107 Chemometrics and Good Laboratory Practices (Theory, Elective-2 Credits)
Course Description
Chemometrics is the science of extracting information from chemical systems by data-driven means.
Chemometrics is inherently interdisciplinary, using methods frequently employed in core data-
analytic disciplines such as multivariate statistics, applied mathematics, and computer science, in
order to address problems in chemistry, biochemistry, medicine, biology and chemical engineering.
The Course explores various aspects of chemometrics and good laboratory practices (GLP). GLP is
mainly concerned with assuring the repeatability of scientific investigations. The assurance of quality
is guaranteed in a Laboratory by an additional quality assurance unit that is controlled by continuous
inspections to maintain the principles of GLP. The course introduces the tools available to ensure the
quality of analytical chemical measurement. It helps to learn about regulatory aspects of quality
assurance and quality control. Validation describes in general the assurance that an analytical
procedure provides reproducible and secure results that are required for the application intended. An
analytical laboratory proves its effective quality assurance system by accreditation.
28
School of Environmental Studies, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin
Syllabus 2019 - 2022
Objectives of the Course
Accreditation of a laboratory attests to its competence for performing given analytical methods versus
an independent customer. Unique criteria were developed for the operation of the test laboratories
and for their accreditation and certification. The course provides the learners basic and advanced
knowledge that has to be followed during chemical measurement/ analysis, quality control, good
laboratory practices and finally they will be equipped with full potential and capacity to emerge as
competent analytical chemists and able to develop their laboratory to an accredited and certified one.
Learning Outcome
Having successfully completed this module, the student will be able to:
Course Outcome [CO]
Cognitive Level
CO1: Fundamental concepts on safety
aspects in design and while working in a
laboratory
Understand
CO2: Basic theoretical concepts on
chemical measurements/analysis, quality
control, statistics involved chemical
measurement
Apply
CO3: Ethical handling of chemicals and
hazardous wastes, Calibration of
measuring devices, Laboratory
accreditation and certification
Analyse
Assessment Pattern
Category
Continuous Assessment Tests
Examination
1
2
3
Remember
-
-
-
-
Understand
30
30
30
30
Apply
40
40
40
40
Analyse
30
30
30
30
Evaluate
-
-
-
-
Create
-
-
-
-
Course Level Assessment Questions
Course Outcome 1:
1. Define the terms for expressing chemical concentrations- molarity, molality, normality, W/W,
W/V, V/V, ppm, ppb and their calculation formula.
29
School of Environmental Studies, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin
Syllabus 2019 - 2022
2. Write a note on pipettes, burettes and volumetric glass wares used in a chemical laboratory
and discuss the calibration of a pipette.
3. Explain national building rules for Laboratories.
4. Explain the rules related to significant figures and rounding off procedure.
5. Explain fundamental units and derived units with examples.
Course Outcome 2:
1. Comment on the weighing errors associated with analytical balances. Find the true mass of
tris using Buoyancy Equation (density of the compound = 1.33 g/mL, the apparent mass
weighed in air = 100.00 g, balance weights have a density = 8.0 g/mL and the density of air =
0.0012 g/mL)
2. Prepare 750ml of 2N solution of sulphuric acid (Molecular Formula- H
2
SO
4
, MW = 98.08,
% assay = 96, SG = 1.84).
3. Calculate the weight of Sodium carbonate (AR grade) required to prepare 0.2N solution in
500mL volumetric flask (Molecular Formula – Na
2
CO
3
,
MW =106g/ mol)
4. Sum up the following numbers exactly using rules of significant figure and rounding off.
1.632 X 10
5
+ 4.107 X 10
3
+ 0.984 X 10
6
Course Outcome 3:
1. Generate data for the accreditation of a laboratory based on NABL norms and analyse
whether the laboratory conditions, instruments and proper for accreditation and certification.
2. Evaluate the waste management systems in various department laboratories inside the
university.
SYLLABUS
Unit 1 Tool of the Trade Laboratory- safety aspects in design and while working. National Building
Rule for laboratory and the specifications. Ethical handling of chemicals and hazardous operations-
hazard displays. Disposal of chemical wastes in laboratories. Special cases of cyanide, Cr (VI), heavy
metals, toxic solvents and chemicals, safety practices in the laboratory. Environmental Sampling Plan
as EPA Protocols. Quality Assurance, Quality control. NABL, ISO, HACCP, FSSI and other
accreditations for an analytical laboratory.
Unit 2 Quality Management System Laboratory notebook and recording of operations. Measuring
devices- balances – care in weighing- mechanical & piezoelectric balances, preventing weighing
errors-buoyancy correction. Burettes pipettes and volumetric glasswares. Calibration: calibration of
pipette, standard deviation of pipetting. Standard deviation of pipette intervals. Making inventory of
lab chemical consumption. Dilution/ Concentration operations. Laboratory fortified blank/ laboratory
control standard, Laboratory fortified matrix, duplicate sample/ Laboratory fortified matrix duplicate.,
internal standards, surrogates and tracers, calibration, quality control calculations., control charts, QC
evaluation for small sample sizes, correction action, and quality assessment, laboratory comparison
samples, , compliance audits, management review.
Unit 3 Metrology in Chemistry Chemical concentrations and molality, ppm, ppb, unit conversions.
Significant figures in addition, subtraction, multiplication and division, logarithm and antilogarithm.
Types of errors- systematic and random errors. Precision and accuracy. Propagation of uncertainty-
addition & subtraction, multiplication & division, mixed operations. The real rule of significant
30
School of Environmental Studies, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin
Syllabus 2019 - 2022
figures. Graphs and coordinates linear interpolation techniques. Data quality, measurement of
uncertainty, bias, bias and random variation, repeatability, reproducibility and sources of bias and
variation, gage repeatability, and reproducibility, and the measurement capability study, uncertainty
statements.
Unit 4 Basic Elements and Tools of Statistical Analysis Gaussian distribution, score mean value,
standard deviation and normal distribution. Area determination, coefficient of variation, standard
deviation of the mean, Student’s test, confidence limit, Shewart chart, Q-test for lab data, regression
analysis, ANOVA. Spread sheets-MS Excel for generating graphs. Use of Origin and R for Data
presentation and Graphical Simulations.
References
1. Harris, D. C.; (2015). “Quantitative Chemical Analysis”. 9
th
Edition.
2. Christian, G. D.; Purnendu, K.; Sandy Dasgupta.; Kevin, A. S.; (2014). “Analytical
Chemistry”. 7
th
edition , ISBN 978-0-470-88757-8
3. D. C. Harris (1995) Quantitative Chemical Analysis, Fourth Edition, ISBN 0-7167- 2508-
8, W. H. Freeman & Co, N Y.
4. Wenclawiak, B. W.; Koch, M.; Hadjicostas, E.; (Edrs) (2004). “Quality Assurance in
Analytical Chemistry-Training Teaching”, Springer-Verlag.
5. Caulcutt, R.; Boddy, R.; (1994). “Statistics for Analytical Chemists”. First Edition, ISBN
0412-23730-x, Chapman and Hall, London.
6. Walker, H. M.; Lev, J.; (1984).Elementary Statistical Methods, ISBN 03-08- 1130-9, 3
rd
edition, Holt, Reinhard and Winston, Inc.
7. Hounslow, A. W.; (1995). “Water Quality Data – Analysis and Interpretation”, Lewis
Publishers, Boca Raton.
20-306-2108 Contemporary Environmental Issues and Laws (Theory, Elective - 2 Credits)
Course Description
Policy is the sum total of the values to which a person or a group of persons or institutions social,
legal and governmental - consider as important in their relation with one another. Environmental
policies have to be formulated in the credible of social morals and values - the public opinion
representing the views of both the elite expert and lay public. A clear vision should be there reflecting
all the conflicting values and the vision is called policy and the translation into legal frame work
called law.
Course Objectives
This course work provides an in-depth understanding of the vast field of Environmental law and
policy and the study would be familiar with the overall legal regime of the country as well as
international obligations. To impart knowledge on the policies, legislations, institutional framework
and enforcement mechanism for environmental management in India.
Learning Outcome:
On the successful completion of the course, students will be able to
Course Outcome [CO]
Cognitive Level
31
School of Environmental Studies, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin
Syllabus 2019 - 2022
CO1: Describe the Indian Legal System and the fundamentals of Indian
Constitution
Understand
CO2: Understand the philosophy, principles and environmental justice for
pollution control
Understand
CO3: Apply the provision for legal control of industrial pollution by
legislations
Apply
CO4: Give critic comment on environmental legal framework
Apply
Assessment Pattern
Category
Category
Continuous
Assessment
Tests
Examination
Examination
1
2
3
Remember
10
10
10
10
Understand
50
50
50
50
Apply
40
40
40
40
Analyse
-
-
-
-
Evaluate
-
-
-
-
Create
-
-
-
-
Course Level Assessment Questions
Course Outcome 1:
1. Examine the Criminal Law remedies for Environmental wrong.
2. Bring out the distinction between the Principles of Strict Liability & Absolute
Liability.
3. Describe the relevant sections of Indian Penal Code and Criminal Procedure
Code for Environmental Protection
Course Outcome 2:
4. Write short notes on Polluter Pays Principle
5. Write a note on salient features of Environment Protection Act 1986
1. Explain the provision of Municipal Solid Waste Management Rules with special
reference to household hazardous waste.
Course Outcome 3:
6. Taking the case of Ratlam Municipal Council VsVardiChandh highlight the use of
Section 133 criminal procedure code for environmental protection.
7. “Nuisance by Noise pollution is a major concern in all major urban cities in India”
Examine the Judicical decision on Noise pollution.
8. In the light of Vellore Citizens Welfare case, highlight the role of PCB in abating
pollution from tanneries.
Course Outcome 4:
32
School of Environmental Studies, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin
Syllabus 2019 - 2022
9. In India public nuisance in environmental matter can be remedied under civil law as
well as criminal law-Justify.
10. “Depletion & Contamination of Ground water has not been adequately addressed in
environmental policy making in the country” Examine the above statement in light of
the various court decisions relating to ground water management.
11. With the help of decided cases, discuss the powers of magistrate to deal with
environmental nuisance under sections of criminal procedure code
SYLLABUS
Unit 1 Fundamentals of Law and Legal system: Introduction to law - Different theories about law -
Understanding legal system - Various organs of legal system -Indian Legal system - Law enforcement
in India- Fundamentals of Indian constitution – Statutes, Rules and Notification - Fundamental rights,
Article 48(A) and 51-A(g) - Writ petitions - Constitutional Remedies.
Unit 2 Philosophy, Principles, Environmental Justice and Pollution Control: An Introduction to
Environmental policies and philosophies - Environment movements - Environmental principles -
Precautionary - Polluter Pays - Concepts of Liabilities and Public Liability Insurance Act - Multi
Lateral protocols and agreements -Montreal, Kyoto and Rio - Right to Environment - A basic human
Right - Constitutional law perspectives - Article 21 - Traditional common and criminal laws remedies
for environmental protection - Law of Nuisance : Tort Law - Public Nuisance - Chapter XIV of Indian
Penal Code - Section 133 of Cr.PC - Environmental Justice -PIL and Environmental Tribunals -
National Environmental Appellate authority and Green Tribunal.
Unit 3 Provision for Legal Control of Industrial Pollution: Water ( P & C.P) Act, Air (P & C.P)
Act: Power and functions of regulatory agencies - Responsibilities of occupier provision - Prevention
and control scheme - Consent to establish - Consent to operate - Legal sampling procedures -
Appellate authority - State Laboratories- Penalties for violation - Provisions for closure/directions in
apprehended pollution situation.
Unit 4 Environment Protection Act: Genesis of the act - Delegation of Powers - EPA, 1986 - Rules
and Notification - Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000 - Environment Impact
Assessment - Coastal Regulation Zone - Biodiversity laws - Waste Management Laws - Municipal
Solid Waste, Bio Medical Waste, Hazardous Waste.
Other Topics: Common Property Resources and the Law (Including Water Law) - Clean
Development Mechanism - Regulations and Control of Ozone Depleting Substances - Corporate
Environmental Responsibility and ISO - Forest Management Laws - Indian Forest Act, 1927 - Forest
Conservation Act, 1980 - Forest Regulation Act, 2006 - Supreme Court judgments in Landmark
Cases.
References:
1. CPCB, “Pollution Control acts, Rules and Notifications issued there under” Pollution Control
Series, Central Pollution Control Board, Delhi.
2. Greger, I.; (1994). “Environmental law and enforcement”, Lewis Publishers, London,
33
School of Environmental Studies, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin
Syllabus 2019 - 2022
3. Shyam, D.; and Armin, R.; (2001). “Environmental law and policy in India” Oxford
University Press,New Delhi,
4. TNPCB and YOU (2013). “A Ready Reckoner for Entrepreneurs” - Tamil Nadu Pollution
Control Board
5. Natalia Ciecierska-Holmes,; Kirsten Jörgensen.; Lana Laura Ollier.; Raghunandan D..;
(2019). Environmental Policy in India, , Routledge; 1
st
Edition,
6. Elizabeth Fisher.; (2017). “Environmental Law: A Very Short Introduction”, Oxford,
7. Shibani Gosh.; Orient Blackswan.; (2019). “Indian Environmental Law: Key Concepts and
Principles”
8. Michael G. Faure.; Roy A. Partain.; (2019). Environmental law and economics, , Cambridge
university press,
9. Nick Hanley.; Jason F Shogren.; Ben White.; Palgrave Macmillan.; 2007. Environmental
Economics in Theory and Practice,
20-306- 2109 Environmental Chemistry Lab (Core- 2 Credits)
Course Description
Study of the environment requires reliable and accurate measurement of extremely small quantities of
chemicals and the ability to determine if they are naturally occurring species or pollutants. The
course: Environmental chemistry lab covers basic chemical lab techniques for the analysis of
environmental samples and on written presentation of analytical results.
Course Objective
The course provides students expertise to generate good quality data from
33
hysic- chemical
analysis and interpret the information produced in the analytical laboratory. The course will
provide in depth knowledge on the various analytical and basic instrumental methods used in
the laboratory for environmental chemical analysis. Use the skills and modern environmental
science techniques and tools necessary for a successful career in the field.
Learning Outcome
Having successfully completed this module, the student will be able to:
Course Outcome [CO]
Cognitive Level
CO1: learn principle and procedure of experiments
Understand
CO2: Design and conduct experiments, Expertise in
environmental sample preparation, physico-chemical and
instrumental methods of analysis
Apply
CO3: analyze and interpret analytical data
Analyse
1. Assessment Pattern:
Category
Continuous Assessment Tests
Examination
1
2
3
Remember
-
-
-
-
34
School of Environmental Studies, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin
Syllabus 2019 - 2022
Understand
20
20
20
20
Apply
60
60
60
60
Analyse
20
20
20
20
Evaluate
-
-
-
-
Create
-
-
-
-
Course Level Assessment Questions
Course Outcome 1:
1. Write the procedure with principle and relevant equations of any two of the following titrimetric
methods.
a) Argentometric method for the determination of chloride content in water samples
b) Complexometric method for the determination of total hardness of water samples
c) Winkler method with azide modification for the determination of dissolved oxygen content in
water samples.
d) Determination of alkalinity of water samples.
Course Outcome 2:
(A) Determine the chloride content in the given sample by Argentometric titration method. You are
provided a standard solution of sodium chloride (NaCl) with normality 0.0141N. You must
standardize silver nitrate (AgNO
3
) solution having approximate normality of 0.0141N.
OR
(B) Determine the total hardness of the given sample by complexometric titration method. You are
provided a standard solution of calcium carbonate (CaCO
3
) with molarity of 0.004M. You must
standardize the EDTA solution having approximate molarity of 0.004M
Course Outcome 3: Analyse
1. Estimate the hardness of different water samples collected from dug wells of various parts of
the state and evaluate whether they are suitable for drinking purpose as per CPCB, WHO, IS
standards as well as per designated best use (DBU).
SYLLABUS
Syllabus for the analysis of water, soil and air including the interpretation of results are
given in the tables.
35
School of Environmental Studies, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin
Syllabus 2019 - 2022
ANALYSIS OF WATER AS PER BIS & APHA STANDARD METHODS
Parameters Analysed for Water
No
Parameters
Method
BIS (
Reference)
APHA Method
1.
pH
Determination of pH using pH
meter ( Potentiometry)
IS 3025 (Part
11)
2310 , 2-31
2.
Conductivity
Determination of Electrical
Conductivity using Conductivity
meter
IS 3025 (Part
14)
2510, 2-52
3.
Redox potential
Determination of Redox potential
(Potentiometry)
2580, 2-84
4.
Alkaliniy
Determination of Total Alkalinity
by Acid-base titration.
IS 3025 (Part
23)
2320 , 2-34
5.
Total Hardness
Determination of Total Hardness
by Complexometric Titration
IS 3025 (Part
21)
2340, 2-44
6.
Total Solids
Determination of Total Solids
(TS) by Gravimetry.
IS 3025 (Part
15)
2540 B, 2-64
7.
Total Dissolved
Solids
Determination of Total Dissolved
Solids (TDS) by Gravimetry.
IS 3025 (Part
16)
2540 C, 2-65
8.
Turbidity
IS 3025 (Part
10)
2130, 2-12
9.
Dissolved
Oxygen
Determination of Dissolved
Oxygen (DO) by Azide
modification of Winkler Method
(Redox Titration)
IS 3025 (Part
38)
4500 O, 4-137
10.
Chloride
Determination of Chloride by
precipitation titration
IS 3025 (Part
32)
4500, Cl
-
4-72
11.
Biological
Oxygen Demand
Determination of BOD
IS 3025 (Part
44)
5210 B, 5-5
12.
Chemical
Oxygen Demand
Determination of COD (Open
Reflux Method )
IS 3025 (Part
58)
5220B, 5-17
13.
Total Organic
Carbon (TOC)
Determination of TOC by TOC
Analyser.
IS 3025 (Part
18)
5310, 5-23
No.
ANALYSIS OF SOIL
REFERENCES
1.
Determination of Moisture Content
Section 5.4.4, Chapter 5, Practical
Environmental Analysis
2.
Determination of Bulk Density
Section 5.4.2, Chapter 5, Practical
Environmental Analysis
36
School of Environmental Studies, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin
Syllabus 2019 - 2022
3.
Determination of Specific Gravity
Section 5.4.3, Chapter 5, Practical
Environmental Analysis
4.
Determination of pH
Section 5.5.3, Chapter 5, Practical
Environmental Analysis
5.
Determination of Electrical Conductivity
Section 5.5.2, Chapter 5, Practical
Environmental Analysis
6.
Determination of Redox Potential
Section 5.5.4, Chapter 5, Practical
Environmental Analysis
7.
Determination of Soluble Calcium
Section 5.7.1, Chapter 5, Practical
Environmental Analysis
8.
Determination of Soluble Magnesium
Section 5.7.1, Chapter 5, Practical
Environmental Analysis
9.
Determination of Soluble Sodium
Section 5.7.1, Chapter 5, Practical
Environmental Analysis
10.
Determination of Soluble Potassium
Section 5.7.1, Chapter 5, Practical
Environmental Analysis
11.
Determination of Organic Matter
Section 5.8, Chapter 5, Practical
Environmental Analysis
12.
Determination of Cation Exchange Capacity
Section 5.12.4, Chapter 5, Practical
Environmental Analysis
13.
Determination of Soil Texture
Section 5.4.6, Chapter 5, Practical
Environmental Analysis
No.
ANALYSIS OF AIR
REFERENCES
1.
Working of High-volume Sampler
Section 3.8.2, Chapter 3, Practical
Environmental Analysis
2.
Determination of Suspended Particulate
Matter (SPM)-SPM µ
2.5
Guidelines for the measurement of
Ambient Air Pollutants, Volume I,
Guidelines for Manual Sampling and
Analysis; CPCB, Ministry of Environment
and Forest, National Ambient Air Quality
Series- NAAQMS/36/2012-13.
Noise Pollution Regulation in India, CPCB,
2001.
3.
Determination of Suspended Particulate
Matter (SPM)-SPM µ
10
4.
Determination of Gross composition of
SPM µ
2.5
& SPM µ
10
5.
Ambient Air Quality monitoring – Sulphur
dioxide (SO
x
), &Nitrogen dioxide (NO
x
).
Environmental & Geological Analysis
1.
Wind Rose Analysis
2.
Climogram Analysis
4.
Identification of Important Minerals and Rocks.
5.
Particle size analyses- Estimation of Gravel, Sand, Silt and Clay contents in Soil and
Sediments
References
1. Clair, N. S.; Perry L. McCarty.; Gene F. P.; (2003). “Chemistry for Environmental
Engineering and Science”. Tata McGraw Hill.
2. Miroslav, R.; Vladimir N.B.; (1999). “Practical Environmental Analysis”, The Royal
Society of Chemistry, Cambridge.
37
School of Environmental Studies, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin
Syllabus 2019 - 2022
3. Eugine, W. R.;, Rodger, B.; Andrew, D E.; Lenore S C.; (2012). “Standard Methods for the
examination of Water and Wastewater”, 22
nd
Edition, Published by American Public
Health Association, American Water Works Association, Water Environment Federation,
Washington DC.
4. IS 10500:2012 Indian Standard Drinking Water-Specification 2
nd
Edition, Bureau of Indian
Standards, New Delhi.
5. Indian Society of Soil Science. (2012). “Fundamentals of Soil Science” (2
nd
Edition,
revised) ISBN: 8190379747.
6. Jackson, M.L.; (1958 & 2012). “Soil Chemical Analysis”. Prentice Hall, INC, Englewood
Cliffs.
7. Maiti, N.J S. K.; (2011). “Handbook of methods in Environmental Sciences: Water and
wastewater analysis” V.2 Air, Noise, soil and overburden.
8 Lewis D W (1992), Practical Sedimentology, Prentice- Hall Pvt Ltd.
20-306-2110 Environmental Microbiology Lab (Core - 1 Credit)
Course Description
Course will introduce the students to the hands on techniques in microbiology. By the end of the
course students will able to identify and describe the basic apparatus and equipment used in
microbiology. Students will able to culture microbes from various environmental samples and able to
identify them up to genus level. Students also could analyze the portability of drinking water through
microbial analysis.
Course Objectives
Students will able to handle microorganisms, isolate, and identify bacteria, fungi and protozoa. They
will able to enumerate coliform in drinking water and identify the bacteria present in polluted water.
Learning outcome
After completion of the full course the student should be able to
Course Outcome [CO]
Cognitive level
CO1: prepare the media for isolation of bacteria and fungus,
identify the bacteria and fungus morphology , isolation of bacteria
and fungus from different sources, identify the bacteria and fungus
upto genus level,
Understand
CO2: Evaluate the polluted water containing coli forms and
enumeration of coli genic bacteria in water
Apply
CO3: Enumeration and isolation of bacteriophages (Coliphages)
from raw sewage
Analyse
Assessment Pattern
Category
Continuous
assessment tests
Examination
38
School of Environmental Studies, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin
Syllabus 2019 - 2022
1
2
3
Remember
30
30
30
30
Understand
50
50
50
50
Apply
20
20
20
20
Analyse
-
-
-
-
Evaluate
-
-
-
-
Create
-
-
-
-
Course Level Assessment Questions
Course Outcome 1:
1. Isolate lactose fermenting bacteria from soil.
2. Identify the given bacteria and fungus.
Course Outcome 2:
1. Check the water quality of given water sample (presence of coliforms) and identify the
coliform.
Course Outcome 3:
1. Enumerate and isolate bacteriophage from given sewage water.
SYLLABUS
1. Media: Preparation for aerobic herotrophic bacteria, chemoautotrophs,
photoautotrophs, obligate anaerobes, actinomycetes and fungi.
2. Inoculation and incubation for aerobic heterotrophic bacteria, chemoautotrophs,
photoautotrophs, obligate anaerobes, actinomycetes and fungi and observation of their
growth.
3. Enumeration and isolation of heterotrophic bacteria and fungi and their preservation.
4. Pure culture techniques: spread plate, pour plate, drop inoculation, streaking on plates,
serial dilution and plating.
5. Staining techniques and microscopic observation: Simple staining, Grams staining,
Acid Fast staining, Capsule staining, flagella staining and spore staining.
6. Identification of heterotrophic bacteria using phenotypic characters: Application of
Dichotomous key, Identification Table and Numerical Taxonomy.
7. Identification of heterotrophic bacteria based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis,
phylogenetic analysis.
8. Slide culturing of fungi and their identification based on morphology and structure of
spores.
9. Enumeration and isolation of bacteriophages (Coliphages) from raw sewage.
39
School of Environmental Studies, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin
Syllabus 2019 - 2022
10. Most probable number (MPN) of estimation of Coliforms and E. Coli
References
1. Aaronson, S.; (1970). “Experimental Microbial Ecology”. Academic Press, New York and
London. 236 p
2. Rodina, A. H.; (1972). “Methods in Aquatic Microbiology”. University Park Press,
Baltimore, Butterworth, London.461 P.
3. Joseph S.; David W. R.; (2001). “Molecular cloning: A Laboratory Manual”. Cold Spring
harbour Laboratory Press.
20-306-2011 IDE: Introduction to Environmental Studies (ID Elective - 3 Credits)
Course code: ES 2214
Core/Elective: Open course (Inter-Departmental Elective)
Credits: 3
Course description
Environmental science is the field of science that studies the interactions of the physical, chemical,
and biological components of the environment and also the relationships and effects of these
components with the organisms in the environment. The field of environmental science can be divided
into three main goals, which are to learn how the natural world works, to understand how we as
humans interact with the environment, and also to determine how we affect the environment. The
third goal of determining how humans affect the environment also includes finding ways to deal with
these effects on the environment.
Course objectives
The Inter-Departmental Elective in Environmental Studies aims to train students to cater to the need
for ecological citizenship through developing a strong foundation on the critical linkages between
ecology-society-economy. Students will evolve into ecologically informed and socially responsible
citizens who are empowered to protect the natural resources while ensuring sustainable lifestyle and
developmental model.
Learning Outcome
Having successfully completed this module, the student will be able to:
Course Outcome [CO]
Cognitive Level
CO1: Understand the term “Environmental Studies” its multidisciplinary
nature, scope and importance
Understand
CO2: Describe the structure and function of ecosystem; biogeochemical
cycles and processes; Ecosystem services and its restoration
Understand
CO3: Describe environmental pollution; their sources, causes and effects.
Understand
CO4: Develop critical thinking for shaping strategies (scientific, social,
economic and legal) for environmental protection and conservation of
biodiversity, social equity and sustainable development.
Analyse
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School of Environmental Studies, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin
Syllabus 2019 - 2022
CO5: Acquire values and attitudes towards understanding complex
environmental-economic social challenges, and participating actively in
solving current environmental problems and preventing the future ones.
Apply
CO6: Adopt sustainability as a practice in life, society and industry
Apply
Assessment Pattern
Category
Continuous
assessment tests
Examination
1
2
3
Understand
40
40
40
40
Apply
40
40
40
40
Analyze
20
20
20
20
Evaluate
-
-
-
-
Create
-
-
-
-
Course Level Assessment Questions
Course Outcome 1:
1. What do you understand by the term ‘Environmental Studies’? What is its scope and
importance?
5. Give the various components of environment and its segments
6. How can you conserve environment?
Course Outcome 2:
1. Explain the term ‘Ecosystem’. What are its functions?
2. Explain the terms: Biotic factors, abiotic factors, biomes and biosphere.
3. How are carbon cycle and nitrogen cycle important for proper functioning of ecosystem.
4. Write a note on sustenance of life in an ecosystem.
Course Outcome 3:
1. What do you understand by Environmental Pollution? How is it controlled?
2. What are pollutants? What are their causes and effects?
3. How are pollutants classified?
Course Outcome 4:
1. Explain the term biodiversity. What are the different types of diversities?
2. Give biogeographic classification of biodiversity in India.
3. India is a mega-diversity nation. Comment.
4. Write note on conservation of biodiversity.
Course Outcome 5:
1. What are the causes of population growth? How can it be controlled and what are its
consequences?
2. What do understand by the term “Urbanization” what are the problems associated with it
41
School of Environmental Studies, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin
Syllabus 2019 - 2022
3. Write a note on environment and human health
Course Outcome 6 :
1. What do you understand by the term environmental management
2. How air, water and soil pollution be prevented or minimized?
SYLLABUS
Unit 1 Introduction to Environmental Studies: Multidisciplinary nature of environmental studies;
Scope and importance; Concept of sustainability and sustainable development
Unit 2 Ecosystem: Definition and concept of Ecosystem: Structure of ecosystem (biotic and abiotic
components); Functions of Ecosystem - Physical (energy flow), Biological (food chains, food web,
ecological succession) and Biogeochemical (nutrient cycling) processes. Concepts of productivity,
ecological pyramids and homeostasis; Types of Ecosystem - Tundra, Forest, Grassland, Desert,
Aquatic (ponds, streams, lakes, rivers, oceans, estuaries) - their importance and threats on them with
relevant examples from India Ecosystem services (Provisioning, Regulating, Cultural and
Supporting). Basics of Ecosystem restoration
Unit 3 Environmental pollution: Environmental pollution (Air, water, soil, thermal and noise):
causes, effects and controls; Air and water quality standards Nuclear hazards and human health risks
Solid waste management: Control measures of urban and industrial waste Pollution case studies:
Ganga Action plan (GAP), Delhi air pollution and public health issues etc
Unit 4 Human Communities and the Environment: Human population growth: Impacts on
environment, human health and welfare Resettlement and rehabilitation of project affected persons;
case studies Disaster management: floods, earthquake, cyclones and landslides Environmental
movements: Chipko movement, Silent valley movement, Bishnois of Rajasthan, Narmada Bachao
Andolan etc Environment justice: National Green Tribunal and its importance Environmental ethics:
Role of Indian and other religions and cultures in environmental conservation Environmental
communication and public awareness, case studies (e.g., CNG vehicles in Delhi, Swachh Bharat
Abhiyan)
Unit 5 Global Environmental Issues and Policies: Climate change, Global warming, Ozone layer
depletion, Acid rain and impacts on human communities and agriculture International agreements:
Earth Summit, UNFCCC, Montreal and Kyoto protocols and Convention on Biological Diversity
(CBD), Sustainable Development Goals and India’s National Action Plan on Climate Change
Environment legislation in India: Wildlife Protection Act, 1972; Water (Prevention and Control of
Pollution) Act, 1974; Forest (Conservation) Act 1980, Air (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act,
1981; Environment Protection Act, 1986; Scheduled Tribes and other Traditional Forest Dwellers
(Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006
Books:
1) Environmental Pollution & Control .2016 by Prof. N.H. Gopal Dutt
2) Earth as a living planet -2010 by author Daniel B. Botkin and Edward A. Keller published by
John Wiley & Sons (Asia) Private Ltd.
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School of Environmental Studies, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin
Syllabus 2019 - 2022
References:
1) Principles of Environmental Engineering and Science - 2004, By Mackenzie L. Davis and
Susan J. Masten, Published by McGraw - Hill Higher Education.
2) Principles of Environmental Science and Technology – 1981 by S.E Jorgensen and I.
Johnsen, Published by Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company.
SEMESTER II
20-306-2201 Methods in Environmental Analysis (Theory, Core-2 Credits)
Course Description
Study of the environment requires reliable and accurate measurement of extremely small quantities of
chemicals and the ability to determine if they are naturally occurring species or pollutants. Students
majoring in Environmental Science need grounding in Instrumental analysis as much as traditional
Chemistry majors do, but their backgrounds and needs may be quite different.
Course Objective
Students majoring in environmental sciences need a foundation in measurement techniques used
in the field. Environmental Chemical Analysis gives students a thorough grounding in this field
and enough information to judge the quality and interpret the information produced in the
analytical laboratory. The course will provide in depth knowledge on the various sophisticated
analytical instruments used in the laboratory for environmental chemical analysis and arrange
students hands on training of various analytical instruments.
Learning outcome
Having successfully completed this module, the student will be able to:
Course Outcome [CO]
Cognitive Level
CO1: Theoretical concepts on atomic spectroscopy,
molecular spectroscopy and chromatography
techniques
Understand
CO2: Instrumentation and application of analytical
techniques
Understand
CO3: Sample preparation and operation of the
instrument
Apply
CO4: Interpretation of data
Analyse
Assessment Pattern
Category
Continuous
Assessment Tests
Examination
1
2
3
43
School of Environmental Studies, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin
Syllabus 2019 - 2022
Remember
-
-
-
-
Understand
50
50
50
50
Apply
25
25
25
25
Analyze
25
25
25
25
Evaluate
-
-
-
-
Create
-
-
-
-
Course Level Assessment Questions
Course Outcome 1:
1. Explain R
f
value in thin layer chromatography.
2. Explain Van Deemter equation and Huber equation.
3. Explain the stretching and bending vibrations in IR spectroscopy.
4. Differentiate between cold vapour technique and hydride generation technique in AAS.
Course Outcome 2:
1. You have been assigned to determine the heavy metal concentration in soil samples collected
from an industrially polluted region; suggest suitable instrumental method, sample
preparation, calibration of the instrument and testing the metal content in the given sample.
2. Calculate the N and H value for the chromatographic peak, from the given data (length of the
column, L = 250mm; tr = 21.5min; tw = 4.1min).
Course Outcome 3:
1. You have been supplied with an IR spectrum. Identify and interpret the peaks.
2. NMR spectrum of a sample is given and identify the peaks and interpret the data
SYLLABUS
Unit 1 Atomic Spectroscopy: Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS): Theory, instrumentation and
applications of flame AAS, Thermal AAS, Cold Vapour AAS, Interferences in AAS. Atomic
Emission Spectrometry: Theory, Instrumentation and applications of Flame photometry, Flame
Emission Spectrometry, Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES) and
ICP/MS.
Unit 2 Molecular Spectroscopy: UV Visible Molecular Absorption Spectrometry: Theory,
Instrumentation and applications. Infra-red Spectrometry: Theory, instrumentation and applications,
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy: Theory, instrumentation and applications. Mass
Spectrometry (MS): Theory, instrumentation and applications
Unit 3 Chromatographic Techniques: Introduction to chromatographic separations: General
description, migration rates of solutes, zone broadening, column efficiency, optimization of column
performance, applications of chromatography. Gas Chromatography: Principle of Gas - Liquid
Chromatography (GLC), Instruments for GLC, Columns and stationery phases, detectors,
applications. Gas - Solid Chromatography (GSC). Liquid chromatography (LC): Scope of High-
Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), column efficiency in Liquid Chromatography (LC),
44
School of Environmental Studies, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin
Syllabus 2019 - 2022
Instruments for LC, Theory and applications of Partition chromatography, Adsorption
chromatography, Ion-exchange chromatography, Size-exclusion chromatography, Thin-layer
chromatography(TLC) and GC/MS.
Unit 4 Instrumental Analysis and Interpretation of Test Results
UV-Visible Spectrophotometer- Sample preparation testing, Interpretation of the data and reporting of
the results for selected compounds, Phosphate, Sulphate, Nitrite, and Iron (Fe
2+
/ Fe
3+
).
AAS- Atomic Absorption Spectrometer - Sample preparation testing, Interpretation of the data and
reporting of the results for selected compounds (Cu, Mg, Mn, Cr, Fe, Zn).
HPLC- High Performance Liquid Chromatography - Sample preparation testing, Interpretation of
the data and reporting of the results for selected compounds (Pyridine, mefnamic acid, Caffeine
samples).
TOC Analyser- Total Organic Carbon Analysis - Sample preparation testing, Interpretation of the
data and reporting of the results for selected compounds (Surface water, groundwater and
wastewater).
References
1. Harris, D. C.; (2015). “Quantitative Chemical Analysis”. 9
th
Edition
2. Christian, G.D.; Purnendu, K.; Sandy Dasgupta.; Kevin, A. S.; (2014). Analytical
Chemistry. 7
th
edition , ISBN 978-0-470-88757-8
3. Douglas, A.; Skoog, F.; James, H.; Stanley, R. C.; (2009). “Instrumental Analysis”. 3
rd
Indian
Reprint, Brooks/Cole, a part of Cengage Learning.
4. Mendam, J.; Denny, R.C.; Barnes J.D.; Thomas, J.K.; (2007). “Vogel’s text book of
Quantitative Chemical Analysis”. 5
th
impression, Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd.
5. Andrew, D. E.; Lenore, S.; Glesceri.; Eugene W. R.; Arnold E.; Greenberg.; (Eds) (2005).
“Standards Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater Analysis”. 21
st
Edition,
APHA. Washington DC.
6. Roger N. R.; (2002). “Introduction to Environmental Analysis”, John Wiley & Sons Ltd.,
Chichester.
7. Donald, L. P.; Gary, M. L.; George, S. K.; (2001). “Introduction to Spectroscopy”. 3
rd
Edition,
Harcourt College Publishers.
8. Douglas, A.; Skoog, F.; James, H.; and Timothy, A. N.; (1998). “Principles of Instrumental
Analysis”. 5
th
Edition, Saunders College Publishing.
9. Dudley, H.; Williams.; Ian Flemming.; (1991). “Spectroscopic Methods and Organic
Chemistry”, Fourth Edition, Tata McGraw Hill Publishers.
10. Harris, D. C.; (1995). Quantitative Chemical Analysis, Fourth Edition, ISBN 0-7167- 2508-8,
W. H. Freeman & Co, N Y.
20-306-2202 Environmental Engineering - Paper I (Theory, Core- 2 Credits)
Course Description
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School of Environmental Studies, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin
Syllabus 2019 - 2022
Engineers and scientists from a number of related disciplines have been involved in the development
of an academic basis for the understanding and management of the environment. During the last few
years, schools of engineering have made considerable progress towards bringing the principles drawn
from the related academic disciplines together and unifying them under Environmental Engineering.
This subject gives an overview of the scope of Environmental Engineering and the important aspects
covered by this branch of engineering.
Course Objective
Environmental Engineering as a branch of engineering is concerned with protecting the environment
from the potentially deleterious effects of human activity, protecting the human population from the
adverse environmental factors, and improving environmental quality for human health and wellbeing.
The objective is to give the students an introduction to the basic principles of Environmental
Engineering, the major related activities like wastewater treatment, public water supply, air pollution
control and solid waste management, and the role of environmental engineers in these activities.
Learning outcome
After the completion of the course, the students will be able to
Course Outcome [CO]
Cognitive Level
CO1: Explain the scope of Environmental Engineering, the various activities
forming part of it and the role of an Environmental
Engineer in environmental management programs
Understand
CO2: Explain the sources and characteristics of industrial wastewater,
wastewater minimization, flow reduction and pollutant concentration
reduction
Apply
CO3: Explain the various methods or techniques adopted for purifying raw
water for making it suitable for public consumption and water distribution
systems
Apply
CO4: Explain the sources and types of air pollutants, particulates and gaseous
pollutants and the meteorological effects on air pollution
Apply
CO5: Explain the origin and types of solid wastes, properties of solid wastes,
aspects of solid waste management and characteristics of
hazardous wastes
Apply
1. Assessment Pattern
Category
Assessment Tests
Examination
1
2
3
Remember
20
20
20
20
Understand
40
40
40
40
Apply
40
40
40
40
Analyse
-
-
-
-
Evaluate
-
-
-
-
Create
-
-
-
-
2. Course Level Assessment Questions
Course Outcome 1
46
School of Environmental Studies, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin
Syllabus 2019 - 2022
1. Explain the concept of Life Cycle Perspective. What are the major activities associated with
Life Cycle Assessment?
2. Explain the points to be addressed by Environmental Impact Analysis (EIA). How does EIA
aid in project development?
3. What are the considerations of resource conservation and pollution abatement on which an
Environmental Management Plan (EMP) should be based?
Course Outcome 2
1. Explain the types, sources, characteristics, and effects of contaminants in the waste water.
2. Explain the sources and characteristics of waste water from various types of industries. Give a
brief account of the strategies to be adopted for the minimization of wastewater generation.
3. Discuss briefly the major physical, chemical and biological processes employed for the
treatment of domestic and industrial wastewater.
Course Outcome 3
1. Explain the various methods adopted for purifying raw water for making it suitable for public
water supply.
2. Briefly explain the minor methods of disinfection used for water. Explain the process and
chemistry of chlorination used for disinfection of public water supply
3. Explain the different designs adopted for arrangement of distribution pipes and accessories of
public water supply
Course Outcome 4
1. How are particulate matter classified based on their origin, chemical composition and state of
matter?
2. What are the major gaseous air pollutants present in the atmosphere and what are the sources
of these pollutants?
3. Explain the terms Environmental Lapse Rate, Dry Adiabatic Lapse Rate, Wet Adiabatic
Lapse Rate and Atmospheric Stability.
Course Outcome 5
1. What are various categories of solid wastes? What are the materials which municipal wastes
comprise of?
2. Explain the various properties of solid wastes that are important in the design and operation of
solid waste handling systems.
3. Explain the characteristics which determine whether a waste is to be considered as hazardous.
SYLLABUS
Unit 1 Basic Principles: Environmental engineering. Impact of humans on environment. Impact of
environment on humans. Improvement of environmental quality. Scope of environmental engineering.
Role of environmental Engineers. Basic engineering principles in environmental management.
Conservation of mass and energy. Life cycle perspective. Life cycle assessment. Environmental
impact assessment. Environmental management plan. Air pollution acts and rules. Water pollution
acts and rules. National ambient air quality standards. General standards for discharge of liquid
environmental pollutants. Indian standard specification for drinking water. Functions of Department
of Environment, Forest and Climate Change. Functions of Central Pollution Control Board and State
Pollution Control Boards.
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School of Environmental Studies, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin
Syllabus 2019 - 2022
Unit 2 Wastewaters: Nature and types of wastewater. Wastewater characteristics – physical,
chemical and biological. Effects of contaminants on environment and human health. Sources,
quantum of waste water generated and the characteristics of wastewater from industries like fertilizer
plants, pesticide plants, petroleum refineries, petrochemical plants, distilleries, dairy industry, and
pulp and paper industry. Minimization of wastewater generation in industries. Evaluation of
wastewater to be treated. Development of a wastewater treatment strategy for achieving compliance
with the existing regulations. An overview of the physical, chemical and biological treatment
technologies available for treating domestic and industrial wastewater.
Unit 3 Public Water Supply: Methods adopted for purifying water for public water supply.
Screening at water intake facilities. Sedimentation. Plain sedimentation and sedimentation aided with
coagulants. Filtration. Slow sand gravity filters, rapid sand gravity filters and pressure filters.
Disinfection. Minor methods of disinfection like boiling, treatment with excess lime, ozone, iodine
and bromine, ultra-violet rays and potassium permanganate. Disinfection by chlorination. Aeration of
water. Softening of water. Demineralization of water. Miscellaneous treatment methods. Water
distribution systems. Requirements of water distribution systems. Arrangements for distribution pipes
and accessories of water distribution. Sanitary sewer systems. Industrial waste water drains. Storm
water drains.
Unit 4 Air Pollution: Air pollution. Sources of air pollutants. Natural and anthropogenic air
pollutants. Classification of air pollutants based on origin, chemical composition and state of matter.
Particulate matter. Classification of particulates based on physical, chemical and biological
characteristics. Gaseous pollutants. Sources of gaseous pollutants. Major gaseous pollutants. Effects
of meteorological conditions on air pollution. Elemental properties of atmosphere. Lapse rates.
Atmospheric stability. Inversions. Effect of lapse rates and atmospheric stability on dispersion of air
pollutants. Plume patterns of gas emission from stacks. Dispersion models for estimation of
contaminant concentrations. Stack height for proper dispersion of pollutants. Overview of the
methods adopted for air pollution control.
Unit 5 Solid Wastes: Sources of solid wastes. Types of solid wastes: municipal wastes, industrial
wastes and hazardous wastes. Properties of solid wastes. Individual components, particle size,
moisture content, density and chemical composition. Solid waste management. Major aspects of solid
waste management. Material flow in society, reduction in raw material usage, reduction in solid waste
quantities, reuse of materials, materials recovery and energy recovery. Day-to-day waste management.
Hazardous wastes. Characteristics of hazardous wastes. Hazardous waste minimization and reduction.
Recycling and reuse. Storage of hazardous wastes. Waste destruction. Waste concentration.
Solidification and stabilization. Overview of engineered systems for solid waste and hazardous waste
management.
References
1. Tchobanoglous, G.; Burton, F. L.; Stensel, H. D.; (2003). “Wastewater Engineering:
Treatment and Reuse”. 4
th
edition. Metcalf and Eddy Inc., New York, NY: McGraw-Hill,.
48
School of Environmental Studies, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin
Syllabus 2019 - 2022
2. Howard S. P.; Donald R. R.; George T.; (2013). Environmental Engineering. McGraw-Hill
Education (India) Pvt. Ltd, Chennai, 2013.
3. David, H.F.; Liu.; Bela G. L.; Paul A. B.; (1997). “Environmental Engineer’s Handbook”.
Lewis Publishers, New York,
4. Garg S. K.; (2010).Water Supply Engineering. Khanna Publishers, New Delhi,
20-306- 2203 Fluid Mechanics (Theory, Core - 2 Credits)
Course Description
The study of Fluid Mechanics is designed in the curriculum of M Sc. Environmental Science, to
acquire the knowledge of the dynamics of fluid and to utilize it in the professional practice of the
domain knowledge of Environmental Science in the career of an Environmental Expert, to identify,
evaluate, apply, determine the performance and create engineering systems. Fluid Mechanics is the
branch of physics discusses and deals the mechanics of liquids, gases and plasmas and the changes it
bears under forces on them. It has vivid and wide applications in Environmental Science and
Engineering. Fluid mechanics has sections (1) Fluid Statics- study of fluid at rest, (2) Fluid
Dynamics- the study of the effect of forces on fluid motion. The methods for visualizing and
analyzing fluid flow- calculations of mass flow, volume flow, description of viscous behavior, flow
measurement, frictions, discharges, resistance to flow, pressure head calculations, links and
connections in reactor operations and monitoring programs of natural flow systems are the practices
followed in the study of environmental systems by this disciple. Fluid Mechanics is included in the
program as a bridging course to bridge the gap where science graduates lack the foundation of
engineering and physics concepts for the realization of created and natural systems.
Course Objective
To expose the students to acquire the theory and practices of Fluid Mechanics for the study of
systems on a solid basis for learning Environmental Science and Engineering courses, laboratory
practicals, models and simulations to equip them for creative decision making as lead scientists and
engineers.
Learning Outcome:
On the successful completion of the course, students will be able to apply and evaluate the
engineering fluid mechanical systems.
Course Outcome [CO]
Cognitive Level
CO1:
Understand the importance of mass and volume flow, inter conversion of
units and importance application of physical systems and parameters in
environmental systems.
Understand
CO2: Basic aspects specific properties of fluid, their classification,
Newtonian behavior, viscous and pressure forces in fluid dynamics are
made strong to understand the situations where they are prominent.
Understand
CO3: Practical application of Fluid Mechanics in relation with
environmental engineering systems is achieved, based on the prominent
fundamental rules. Measurement of flow and use of flow devices are
Apply
49
School of Environmental Studies, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin
Syllabus 2019 - 2022
become thorough.
CO4: More practical applications of Fluid Mechanics are attained -for
evaluating the flow characteristics, resistance due to roughness and uses of
diagrams for decision making and reporting.
Analyse
CO5: Evaluation of the extent of restrictions in pipe flow systems,
calculation of head losses during distributions and settling velocity during
sedimentation process in water, wastewater and natural flow systems.
Evaluate
Assessment Pattern
Category
Continuous assessment tests
Examination
1
2
3
Remember
-
-
-
-
Understand
20
20
20
60
Apply
20
20
20
40
Analyse
30
30
30
-
Evaluate
30
30
30
-
Create
-
-
-
-
Course Level Assessment Questions
Course Outcome 1
1. What is the volume of a sphere and area of cylindrical pipe?
2. Give the relationship between mass flow and volume flow.
3. Define Newton and how it is related to Pascal?
Course Outcome 2
1. What is the force exerted by 1.0 m
3
of water?
2. Define Shearing Stress and Specific weight.
3. Verify a Pressure head of 5m of water is equivalent to pressure of 48.95kPa.
4. Derive Bernoulli Equation, for a parcel of fluid moving through a cylindrical pipeline.
Course Outcome 3
1. What are Newtonian Fluids? Why dynamic viscosity is important for the study of flow systems?.
2. The pressure on a particular surface is 12 psig. If the surface area is 120
2
.in
, what is the force
exerted on that surface?
3. Why velocity head calculations are important for flow systems?
4. How will you apply the Bernoulli Equation for the determination mass flow in flow measuring
device.
Course Outcome 4
1. How is friction head is important for the calculation of velocity of flow in turbulent flow
systems.
50
School of Environmental Studies, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin
Syllabus 2019 - 2022
2. Formulate the concept of HEAD in particle mechanics. How will you compute the various head
values in free flowing system?
3. Why Hagen- Poiseuilles Principle is significant in flow systems?. Discuss with the flow regime of
a river system of Kerala, for calculating annual flow rate in cumesec or cusecs to be reported in a
river water quality monitoring program?
4. When a water tank is filled with water to a height of 46.2 ft and the tank is 22 ft in diameter, what
is the pressure (psi) at the bottom of the tank?. Note that (1 psi = 2.308 ft).
Course Outcome 5
1. Two capillary tubes of diameter 1.5 mm and 3.0 mm are dipped in an oil of surface tension 0.036
N/m and specific weight 9360 N/m
3
. Find the difference of oil levels in the two tubes.
2. A 100mm diameter pipe is used to measure the viscosity of oil of specific gravity 0.8. The
difference of pressure between sections of the pipe 10m apart is measured to be 24525 N/m
2
.
If the weight of oil flowing through the pipe is 9800N in 100 seconds, determine the
viscosity of oil.
3. A horizontal venturi meter whose inlet and throat diameters are 400mm and 150 mm respectively
is used to gauge the flow of water. The differential gauge connected to the inlet and the throat
shows a reading of 250mm of mercury. Find the rate of flow. Take Cd=0.98
Unit 1 Basic Computations: Calculation of area of cross section, surface area and volume of
spheres, cylinders, pipes, channels, storage tanks and other bodies. Calculation of velocity, density,
mass flow rate, volumetric flow rate, residence time in equipment and other parameters. Units of
measurement and conversion factors. Properties of fluids. Temperature, pressure, specific gravity,
density, specific volume, viscosity and other properties of fluids. Units of measurement and
conversion factors.
Unit 2 Properties of Fluid: Absolute and relative density, specific weight, shear stress and viscosity.
Newton’s law of viscosity, viscosity units and their conversion factors. Kinematic viscosity, surface
tension, capillarity, compressibility, bulk modulus of elasticity, velocity of propagation of sound and
sample calculations. Fluid statics: Pressure, pressure in compressible fluids, forces on plane surfaces,
center of pressure, absolute pressure, static and dynamic system, force, concept of hydraulic jack,
piezometric surface and hydraulic grade line. Head, pressure head, elevation head, velocity head and
sample calculations.
Unit 3 Energy equation and its applications: Bernoulli’s equation and its practical applications,
energy equation, energy line, kinetic energy, correction factor, power, liquid atomizer. Torricelli’s
law, measurement of flow rate: orifice meter, venturi meter, rotameter, pitot tube. Other devices like
weirs and notches. Non-uniform flow: classification of flow, steady flow, uniform flow, and
irrotational motion, Reynolds’s number, Hagen-Poiseuille’s law, friction head loss, minor head loss,
and sample calculations.
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School of Environmental Studies, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin
Syllabus 2019 - 2022
Unit 4 Turbulent flow: Fanning equation, critical Reynolds’s number, pipe flow, smooth and rough
pipes, velocity distribution, friction factor, friction factor chart and commercial pipes. Moody
diagram, Resistance at bends and other restrictions, equivalent length and k-values. Pipe flow
systems: Friction head, Darcy-Weisbach equation. Competing forces, gravity and friction, Stoke’s
law. Drag coefficient, Sphere Reynolds’s number, settling velocity and sample calculation.
Unit 5 Applications in Environmental Systems: Resistance at bends and other restrictions,
equivalent length and k-values. Pipe flow systems: Friction head, Darcy-Weisbach equation.
Competing forces, gravity and friction, Stoke’s law. Drag coefficient, Sphere Reynolds’s number,
settling velocity and sample calculation.
Reference
1. Judd, 1.S.; Edr. (2002). “Process Science and Engineering for water and wastewater treatment”,
IWA Publishing.
2. Boon R. C.; Achari V. S.; (2001). Flow mechanics and sedimentation, bridge course 0.2 study
material, School of environmental Studies, Cochin University of Science and Technology,
Cochin.
3. Kundu P. K.; Ira M. C.; (2005). “Fluid Mechanics”, 3
rd
Edition. Academic Press, New Delhi.
4. Modi P. N.; Seth S. M.; (2001). “Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics including Hydraulic
Mechanics (in SI Units)”, 14
th
Edition, ISBN: 81-900 893-7-4, Standard Book House, New
Delhi.
5. Chin D. A.; (2000). “Water Resources Engineering”. ISBN 0-201-35091-2, Prentice- Hall, New
Jersey.
6. Subrahmanya K.; (1997). “Theory and Applications of Fluid mechanics”. TMH outline series,
Tata Mc Graw-Hill Publishing Company Limited, New Delhi.
7. Harry Von Huben edr. (1995). Basic science concepts and applications-Principles and practices
of water supply operations, American Water Works Association, second edition.
8. Price J.K.; (1991). “Applied Math for wastewater plant operators”. Technomic Publishing
Company Inc., Lancaster, Pennsylvania.
20-306- 2204 Geo-informatics (Theory, Core- 2 Credits)
Course Description
Geomatics technologies are essential in modern days for sustainable development and effective
management of land, water, air and socio-economic environment. Geographic Information System
together with Remote Sensing technology enhances and integrates many different databases making a
common geospatial platform to view and analysis this information. More than 80% of information
that is generated and consumed has some sort of spatial component to it and this data is stored in
spatial database. GIS and Image Analysis techniques can be used as one of the best research tools to
provide scientific and technological prescriptions on matters related to Natural Resources,
Environmental Impact Assessment and Disaster monitoring. This offer judicious plans for sustainable
development, management and environmental governance.
As Geomatics (GIS, GPS and Remote Sensing) became more ingrained to business process, the
demand for skilled workers and also for formal and professional education increases. This module
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School of Environmental Studies, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin
Syllabus 2019 - 2022
provides an introduction to the theory and practice of Remote Sensing Technology, Geographic
Information Technology and Global Position Technology and the application aspects of Geomatics
Science in Environmental management including Disaster mitigation.
Course Objectives
As Geomatics (GIS, GPS and Remote Sensing) became more ingrained to business process, the
demand for skilled workers and also for formal and professional education increases. This module
provides an introduction to the theory and practice of Remote Sensing Technology, Geographic
Information Technology and Global Position Technology and the application aspects of Geomatics
Science in Environmental management including Disaster mitigation.
Learning Outcome
Having successfully completed this module, the student will be able to:
Course Outcome [CO]
Cognitive Level
CO1: knowledge of the principles and concepts of Remote Sensing
Technology.
Understand
CO2: the knowledge of the principles and concepts of GIS technology.
Understand
CO3: Getting experience in utilization of Geomatics Science in Resource
management and thus to monitoring the environmental impact.
Analyze
CO4: modern technologies in Disaster management and also evaluation of
resource depletion in the current scenario.
Apply
SYLLABUS
Unit 1 Introduction to Remote Sensing: Basic concepts and processes, Remote Sensing System
Classification, Sensor and Platforms, Sensor parameters, Resolution, Spectral Bands, Interaction of
Energy, Microwave RS, RS Satellites, RS Applications.
Unit 2 Basics of Image Processing: Data Analysis and Interpretations, Visual Interpretation,
Photoelements, Steps in image interpretation, Elements of Image Interpretation, Basics of Digital
Image Processing, Image Rectifications and Corrections, Image enhancement, Image Classification,
Accuracy Evaluation.
Unit 3 Introduction to GIS: Components of GIS, GIS data base, Spatial features, Data structure and
Models, Topology, GIS Data Inputting and Outputting, Georeferencing, Resampling Methods, Basics
of Spatial analysis, Vector and Raster Data Manipulation, Surface Modelling, Terrain Models,
Interpolation, Geocoding, Network Analysis, Digital Terrain Models, Data Storage, GIS Applications
Unit 4 Basics of Cartography and Surveying Techniques: Basic concepts, Map scale, Map
classification, Map elements, Geographical co-ordinates, Map Projections, Geodetic Datum,
Topology, Global Position System. Chain survey, Dumpy level survey, Theodilite survey, GPS survey
and DGPS survey
References:
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Syllabus 2019 - 2022
1. Lillisand and Kiefer, (2004). “Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation”, Wiley Publishers.
2. George J .; (2005). “Fundamentals of Remote Sensing”. Univ. Press, Hyderabad.
3. Jenson, J.R.; (2005. “Remote Sensing of the Environment: an Earth Resource Perspective”,
NJ Prentice Hall.
4. Jenson, J.R.; (2005). “Introductory Digital Image Processing”. 3
rd
Edition, Upper Saddle
River,NJ Prentice Hall.
5. Stan A.; (1989). “Gographic Information Systems: A Management Perspective”. WDL Publ.
Ottawa, Canada.
6. Kang Tsung Chang.; (2006). “Introduction to Geographic Information Systems”. McGraw-
Hill.
7. Some Elementary Survey Books.
20-306- 2205 Environmental Toxicology (Theory, Core - 2 Credits)
Course Description
This course is designed to provide an overview of Environmental Toxicology, including an
examination of the major classes of pollutants, their fate in the environment, their disposition in
organisms and mechanisms of toxicity. An emphasis will also be placed on analyzing toxicity of
pollutants in biological and environmental systems.
Course Objectives
Course aims to give information about scope and application of toxicological principles, measures and
factors. It also provides various standards for toxicology testing for assessing the environmental
pollution. Students will learn about various contaminants, their fate and toxicity in the environment
which is very important to analyze the environmental pollution.
Learning Outcome: On the successful completion of the course, students will be able to:
Course Outcome [CO]
Cognitive Level
CO1: Explain the scope and application of toxicological
principles and measures, factors.
Understand
CO2: Evaluate the various toxicity testing standard
methods for obtaining environmental pollution.
Understand
CO3 : Analyse the various changes of contaminants, their
fate in the environment, their disposition and the
mechanism of toxicity in the enviro biological systems
Apply
CO4 : Identity and classify the environmental chemicals,
and their effects, their transformation reactions, selective
toxicity etc.
Understand
CO5: Calculate the deterministic risk of a contaminant
metabolism of toxic substances by animals & plants,
effects. QSAR and toxicity etc.
Analyse
Assessment Pattern
category
Examinations
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School of Environmental Studies, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin
Syllabus 2019 - 2022
Continuous assessment tests
1
2
3
Remember
-
-
-
-
Understand
50
50
50
50
Apply
25
25
25
25
Analyse
25
25
25
25
Evaluate
-
-
-
-
Create
-
-
-
-
Course Level Assessment Questions
Course Outcome 1
1. Based on the standard toxicological principles and measures find out the safe, level of a
toxicant/contaminant /pollution biological system environmental systems.
2. Explain the role of Dose-response concepts for the toxicity evaluation.
3. Explain the practical problems in assessing toxicity.
Course Outcome 2
1. Find out the LC
50
value from the given data.
2. Plot the dose-response curve from the given data.
3. Plot the frequency dose-response curve from the supplied data.
Course Outcome 3
1. Predict the level of contamination in the aquatic ecosystem using standard methods
2. Make epidemiological survey of your residential area
SYLLABUS
Unit 1 Introduction to Environmental Toxicology: Definition of Toxicology, History of
Toxicology, Scope of Modern Toxicology, Environmental toxicology and chemistry, Sub disciplines
of Toxicology, Numbers in Toxicology- Dose - Response Relationships - Dose-Response graphs-
Frequency Response curve - Cumulative Response curve - Potency versus Toxicity - Safety versus
Toxicity - Hypersensitivity and Hyposensitivity - Response concepts for compounds Essential to the
Biologic system - Reserve Functional capacity- Measurement of LD
50
and LC
50
values. Practical
problems in assessing toxicity- Route of entry and its influence in toxicity-Factors that influence
toxicity- Chemical, biological, nutritional and physical factors
Unit 2 Toxicological concepts: Definition of toxicity-, Introduction to Toxicity Testing, Principles
of Biological Tests for Toxicity- Typical Toxicological Testing methods- Standard Methods-
Statistical Concepts in Toxicity testing-Acute Toxicity Test-Chronic Toxicity Test- -Prolonged
Toxicity Test- Potentiation Test- Teratogenecity Test- Carcinogenicity Test- Mutagenecity Test-
Immune Test- Skin and Eyes Test- Behaviour test- Reproduction Test- Species Toxicity Test-
Multispecies toxicity test- Practical problems in Assessing Toxicity- Measurement of LC
50
values and
LD
50
values. -Translocation Factors in Toxicological Tests- Structure- Activity Factors in
Toxicological Tests- Time- Effect Relationship in Toxicity Tests, acute and chronic toxicity, concept
of bioassay, threshold limit value, margin of safety, therapeutic index,
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School of Environmental Studies, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin
Syllabus 2019 - 2022
Unit 3 Environmental Fate of Contaminants: Major classes of contaminants- metals and
,metalloids- Inorganic nutrients- organic compounds- organometallic compounds- Poly Brominated
Diphenyl ether(PBOE or BDE)- Alkyl phenols- perfluoro octane sulfanates (PFOS) - Inorganic
toxicants and its entry into the environment- cycles and residence time of elements - speciation of
chemicals- operationally defined species, classically defined species- Abiotic transformation
reactions- hydrolysis- Redox reactions-. Transformation of chlorinated xenobiotics- Biological
degradation process- non-biological degradation process- photochemical degradation- chemical
degradation-cause- effect relationship- functional changes in the ecosystems-long term effects of
chemicals in aquatic organisms, Biotransformation- Absorption, distribution and excretion of toxic
agents.
Unit 4 Chemicals as Mutagens: Genetic factors in accumulation of chemicals- classification of
harmful effects of chemicals- drug induced toxicity, chemicals intentionally administered to
biological specimens- chemicals not intended for administration tobiologic specimens- expected or
normal effects of chemicals-unexpected or abnormal effects of chemicals- abnormal response to
chemicals- the immune mechanism- the allergic reactions- activation and suppression of the immune
system- the basis of selective toxicity- selective toxicity due to translocation mechanism- selective
toxicity due to biotransformation mechanisms- selective toxicity due to the presence or absence of
receptors.
Unit 5 Metabolism of Toxic Substances by Animals: Uptake , transport, metabolism, storage, and
excretion, chemical localisation and its consequences, synergestic, antagonistic, and additive effects,
comparative metabolism, variations in metabolism of invertebrates and vertebrates, metabolism of
toxic substances by plants- uptake- translocation, metabolism and excretion, plants as pollution
indicators, plants as toxicant source- nano particles and health effects- particle inhalation- exposure
pathways via soil and water, cellular response to nanoparticles- nanotoxicology - toxicology of
nanoparticles- background - reactive oxygen species, biodistribution-nanotoxicity studies-
immunogenecity of nanoparticles - nanoparticles immunotoxicity. Occupational health and health
hazards due to radiation- particulate emission, gaseous emission-toxic chemicals- corrosives- noise
and vibrations- environmental epidemiology- ecological studies-case control studies- cross sectional
studies and cohort studies-QSAR and toxicity. The use of computational toxicology for emergency
response assessment.
References
1. John H Duffs.; Howard G J Worth.; (Editors). (2015). “Fundamental Toxicology”. 2
nd
Edition
Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry; UK, 516 pages
2. Environmental toxicology; John H. Duffs, 1980, Edward Arnold Publishers, New Delhi.
3. Elements of toxicology; J. P Shukla and Pandey, Radha Publishers, New Delhi.
4. Fundamentals of Aquatic Toxicology; Rand, G.M . and Petrocelli, S.R.(Eds), (1985), Hemisphere
Publishing Corporation, Washington.
5. Effects and Dose- response Relationships of Toxic metals- Nordberg.G, Elsevier Scientific Publishing
Co.,New York.
6. Modern Trends in Toxicology ; Boy land E.and Goulding R, Butter worth’s , London.
7. Inorganic Contaminants of Surface waters ; Research and Monitoring Priorities; More J.W. (1991),
Springer Verlag, New York.
8. Essentials of Toxicology (IV) ; Loomis T. A. and A. Wallace, Hayes Academic Press, London.
9. Harper’s Biochemistry; Murray et al., Apple ton and Lange, (1998), Prentice Hall, London.
10. Basic Environmental Toxicology; L.G. Cockerham and B.S. Shane, (1994), CRC Press, Boca Raton,
USA.
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School of Environmental Studies, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin
Syllabus 2019 - 2022
11. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry; Donald G. Crosby, (1998), Oxford University Press, Boca
Raton, USA.
12. Gerrit Schuurmann and Bernd Markert (1998). Ecotoxicology. Spektrum Akademischer Verlag Co-
publication Heidelberg. Berlin.
13. Walker C.H. Hopkin S.P. Sibly R.M and Peakall D.B (2001). Principles of Ecotoxicology. Second
Edition, Taylor & Francis, London.
14. Clive Thompson K. Kirit Wadhia and Andreas P. Loibner (2005). Environmental Toxicity Testing .
Blackwell Publishing Ltd. CRC Press.
15. Foekema E.M. Th. Scholten M.C. Van Dokkum H.P . Kaag N.H.B.M and Jak R.G (2005).
16. Laura Robinson. Ian Thorn (2005). Toxicology and Ecotoxicology in chemical safety Assessment.
Black well Publishing Ltd. CRC Press.
17. Karen E Stine. Thomas M. Brown (2006). Principles of Toxicology, Second Edition, Taylor & Francis
Group. CRC Press.
18. Nano toxicology; Yuliang Zhao and Harising Nalwa (2007). American Scientific Publishers.
19. Michael C Newman and William H Clements (2008). Ecotoxicology. Taylor & Francis Group. CRC
Press.
20-306-2206 Applied Environmental Microbiology (Theory, Core-2 Credits)
Course Description
Course aims to impart the students with basic principles of microbiology and their applications to
humankind. Course will provide an insight of several water and vector borne diseases, their detection,
enumeration, epidemiology, identification and management. Course also deals with microbial
applications in the environment such as production of biofertilizers, their applications, microbial
degradation of pesticides, petroleum hydrocarbons, their degradation mechanisms, bioleaching and
biomining. Course will also introduce students to the basics of animal tissue culture techniques. By
the end of the course students will able to understand various applications of microorganisms in the
environment.
Course Objectives
Students will study various water borne and vector borne pathogens and its management in the
environment. They will study the applications of microbiology in the environment such as
biofertilizers, biopesticides etc. Course will also cover the petroleum microbiology and its
applications. Students will also learn about various cell culture techniques and its applications.
Learning Outcomes
After completion of the full course the student should be able to:
Course Outcome
Cognitive level
CO1: Explain water& vector borne pathogens,
clinical manifestations and its management
Apply
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School of Environmental Studies, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin
Syllabus 2019 - 2022
CO 2: Discuss the classification, mechanism and
control of biopesticide development and application
of biofertilizers.
Understand
CO 3: Describe the nature and fate of petroleum
hydrocarbons & microbial mechanism of degradation
Understand
CO 4: Discuss the mechanism of biocorrossion,
bioleaching
Understand
CO5: Explain the cell culture techniques and its
biomedical applications
Understand
SYLLABUS
Unit 1 Water and vector borne human pathogens: Coliforms as indicators of faecal pollution -
Total coli forms, faecal coliforms and E.coli. Faecal streptococci enterococci groups; Water borne
pathogenic bacteria - Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio cholera, Yersinia enterocolitica, Leptospira,
Listeria monocytogenes, Compylobacterjejuni; Enteric viruses; Pathogenic Fungi and protozoans in
water and waste water; Vector-borne human viruses - Detection, Enumeration, isolation and
identification and management.
Unit 2 Pesticide microbiology and Biofertilizers: Pesticide Microbiology: Classes of pesticides
based on structure and mode of action; basic mechanisms and microbes involved in the microbial
degradation of pesticides; factors affecting pesticide degradation; impact of pesticides on microbial
communities; Biopesticides - Microbial control of insect pests - Diversity - Viral, Bacterial, Fungal
and Protozoan pathogens - isolation, propagation and application; Problems and prospects in
biopesticide application. Biofertilizers: Biological nitrogen fixation - microorganisms involved,
mechanisms of nitrogen fixation, nitrogenase, symbiotic and free living nitrogen fixers; Phosphate
solubilizerfs; Mycorrhiza - Ectotrophic and Vascular; Development and application.
Unit 3 Petroleum Microbiology: Over view of petroleum hydrocarbons, basic mechanisms
involved in petroleum hydrocarbon degradation, Microbial processes involved, fate of petroleum
hydrocarbon in the sea, bioremediation of oil spills; Biosurfactants - producer microorganisms,
composition and application - enhanced oil recovery and oil degradation.
Unit 4 Microbial fouling and corrosion: Primary film/biofilm formation and microbial fouling of
surfaces, microbes involved, structures affected, preventive measures; Biocorrosion - role of sulphur
oxidizing, iron oxidizing and sulphate reducing bacteria; Control of Biofouling and biocorrosion.
Microbial leaching and biomining: Bioleaching bacteria, leaching reactions, desulphurization of
coal, biomining.
Unit 5 Animal Tissue culture techniques: History, definition of primary, deployed, established,
suspended and anchor-dependent cell cultures; Tissue culture laboratory lay out, equipments, media
and glassware's; Cell culture techniques - enzymatic desegregation and explants culture techniques,
open and closed systems, sub culturing; In vitro transformations and established cell lines;
preservation of cell lines; Biomedical application such as viral isolation and propagation, toxicology
and production of secondary metabolites.
References
1. Christon J. H.; Ronald L. C.; Gur R. K.;, Michael J. Mc Interney.; Linda D. S.; (2002).
“Manual of Environmental Microbiology”, (2
nd
Edition) ASM, Press.
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School of Environmental Studies, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin
Syllabus 2019 - 2022
2. Daniel D C.; (2012). “Environmental Science”. Ninth Edition Jones & Bartlett
Learning.Freshney, R.Ian (2010) Culture of Animal Cells - “A Manual of Basic Techniques
and Specialized Applications” (6
th
Edition) Wiley - Blackwell, USA.
3. Fulekar, M. H.; (2010). ‘Environmental Microbiology’. Science Publishers CRC Press Taylor
& Francis Group.
4. Gerald Karp.; (2010). “Cell Biology”. 6
th
Edition International Student Version John Wiley
& Sons, Limited, Willey- Blackwell, USA.
5. Jeffrey C. P.; (2004). “Alcamos Fundamentals of Microbiology”. 7
th
Edition Jones &
Bartlett Publishers
6. Maria Csuros. , Csaba Csuros.; (1999). ‘Microbiological Examination of Water and Waste
Water”. Lewis Publishers CRC Press LLC.
7. Michael T. M.; John M. M.; , Paul V. D.; David P. Clark.; (2003). “Brock Biology of
Microorganisms’.10
th
Edition San Francisco, CA : Pearson/Benjamin Cummings.
8. Percival, S. L.; Chalmers, R. M.; Embrey, M.; Hunter, P. R.; Sellwood, J.; Wyn-Jones, P.;
(2004). “Microbiology of Waterborne Diseases”. Elsevier, Academic Press, San Diego, CA,
USA.
9. Raina M. M.; Ian L. P.; Charles P. G.; (2006). “Environmental Microbiology”. Elsevier,
Academic Press, San Diego, CA, USA.
10. Ranga, M.M.; (2009). “Animal Biotechnology”. 3
rd
Revised and Enlarged Edition Agrobios,
India.
20-306-2207 Environmental Biotechnology (Theory, Core - 2 Credits)
Course Description
Environmental Biotechnology utilizes microorganisms to improve environmental quality. These
improvements include treatment of contaminated waters and wastewaters, clean-up of industrial waste
streams, and remediation of soils contaminated with hazardous and toxic chemicals. Environmental
biotechnology is essential to society and truly important as a technical discipline. The proposed course
is designed to summarize recent progress in the area of biotechnology with an emphasis on novel
approaches that offer new insights into the environmental biotechnology. The potential applications of
biological treatment and how they can be combined for greater benefits for solving environmental
issues.
Course Objective
The objectives of this course are to build upon postgraduate knowledge in the application of
environmental biotechnology for pollution control; prevention; detection and monitoring of
environmental pollutants in today’s scenario.
Learning Outcomes
On the successful completion of the course, students will be able to:
Course Outcome [CO]
Cognitive Level
CO1: Will experience the scope and application of Environmental
Biotechnology in today’s scenario.
Remember
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School of Environmental Studies, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin
Syllabus 2019 - 2022
CO2: Describe biological methods of treatment of wastewater, Reactor
design and removal of metals.
Understand
CO3: Understand how environmental biotechnology can be used to
prevent pollution and assists the industries with cleaner production
alternatives.
Understand
CO4: Apply the knowledge of biotechnological tools in the management
of solid wastes; remedial measures for the improvement of agriculture and
food production in an environmental friendly manner with live models
and case studies
Apply
CO5: Understand how effectively biotechnological systems can be used
for the detection and monitoring environmental pollutants and
management of natural resources.
Understand
SYLLABUS
Unit 1 Environmental biotechnology in pollution control: A Historical Perspective; Scope of
Environmental Biotechnology; Wastewater biotreatment: Aerobic biotreatment; Anaerobic
biotreatment; Advanced biotreatment – membrane technology; Molecular techniques in waste water
treatment; Biotreatment of gaseous streams; Biofilms in treatment of wastewater; Biofilm
development and biofilm Kinetics; Aerobic Biofilms; Bioreactors for waste water treatments;
Reactors types and design; Reactors in series; Development and optimization of membrane bioreactor
process for use in sanitary and industrial sewage treatment; Metals removal by microorganisms from
wastewaters.
Unit 2 Environmental biotechnology for pollution prevention and cleaner production: Role of
biotechnology in integrated environmental protection approach; Process modification and product
innovation; Removal of specific pollution: Physicochemical characteristics and treatment strategies
for effluent generated by Distillary and fermentation industry; Fertilizers and pesticide manufacturing
industries; Dyes and dye intermediate producing industries and textile industries; Paper and pulp
industries; Tanneries; Pharmaceuticals; Thermal power plants; Food and dairy industries; Iron and
steel industries; Organic solvents; Chlorinated minerals and inorganic chemical industries and
petrochemicals; Biotechnological application of hazardous waste management of water; Use of
microbial systems.
Unit 3 Solid waste management of municipal and biomedical waste: Basic aspects of solid waste
management; Current practices in India; Aerobic and anaerobic treatments of solid wastes;
Composting; Vermiculture; Biogas generation; Comparison of aerobic and anaerobic methods;
Treatment of hazardous wastes; Origin, sources and treatment strategies for polychlorinated
biphenyls, pesticides, toxic pollutants, polymers, Textile chemical residues etc.; Biomedical wastes,
Types of biomedical wastes; Hazards caused by biomedical wastes; Treatment strategies for
biomedical wastes.
Unit 4 Environmental impacts on agriculture:Biodegradation of agricultural chemicals; GM crops
and their impact on environment; Biological nitrogen fixation; Phosphate solubilization;
Biofertilizers; Biological control of insect pests; Role of biopesticides/ insecticides; Biocontrol of
plant pathogens; Integrated pest management-practical implementation.
Unit 5 Environmental biotechnology in pollution detection and monitoring: Biosensors: structure
and construction; biosensor components: biological elements and principle of detection; Biosensor
types and its applications; Bioindicators and Biomarkers.
Unit 6 Biotechnology for management of resources: Need for management of resources; Role of
environmental biotechnology in management of resources; Reclamation of wasteland; Biomass
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School of Environmental Studies, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin
Syllabus 2019 - 2022
production; Biogas and biofuel production; Development of environmentally friendly processes such
as integrated waste management.
References
1) Fulekar, M.H.; (2010). “Environmental Biotechnology”. Taylor & Francis Group, ISBN:
1578085829, 9781578085828.
2) Pankaj K J.; Vijai K G.; Vivek B.; (2011). “Recent Advances in Environmental
Biotechnology”. LAP Lambert Acad. Publ., ISBN: 3844306870, 9783844306873.
3) Vasantha Kandasamy, W. B.; Florentin S.;, Kannan, S. R.; Ramathilagam, S.; (2010).
“Methods in Environmental Biotechnology for Environmentalists”.American Research Press,
ISBN: 1599730944, 9781599730943.
4) Dr Marandi, Reza Marandi, Ali Shaeri.; (2009). “Environmental Biotechnology, SBS
Publishers & Distributors, ISBN: 818974187X, 9788189741877.
5) Wan, A. A.; (2011). “Bacteria in Environmental Biotechnology: The Malaysian Case Study-
Analysis, Waste Utilization & Wastewater Remediation”, Nova Science Pub
Incorporated, ISBN: 1617283509, 9781617283505.
6) Indu, S.T.; (2011). ‘Environmental Biotechnology: Basic Concepts and Applications’. 2
nd
Edition (revised), I.K. International Publishing House Pvt., Limited, ISBN: 9380578474,
9789380578477.
7) Hans, J., Josef, W.; (2005). “Environmental Biotechnology- Concepts and Applications”
Wiley - VCH, Verlag GmbH & Co, KGaA, Weinhein, ISBN: 3-527-30585-8.
8) Satyanarayana, T.; Bhavdish, N. J.; Anil P. (2012). “Microorganisms in Environmental
Management: Microbes and Environment” Springer Dordrecht, Heidelberg, London, New
York, ISBN: 978-94-007-2228-6.
9) Eliot, E.; (2007). “Industrial Composting - Environmental Engineering and facilities
Management”
10) Brian, R. E.; (1997). “Biosensors: an Introduction”. John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
11) Desmonds, S.T.; Nicholl.; (2006). “An Introduction to Genetic Engineering’ – 2
nd
Edition
Cambridge University Press.
12) Frank, H. S.; (2004). “Calculations for Molecular Biology and Biotechnology -A guide to
mathematics in the laboratory”.
13) Richard, J. R.; (2004). “Analysis of Genes and Genomes” - John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
14) Maria, G.; (2010). “Environmental Biotechnology: Achievements, Opportunities and
Challenges”, Article
15) Grażyna Płaza.; (2010). “Trends in Bioremediation and Phytoremediation”. 23-54 ISBN: 978-
81-308-0424-8, Principles of bioremediation processes.
20-306-2208 Environmental Modeling (Theory, Core; 2 Credits)
Course Description
Study of complex environmental systems based on simple mathematical relationships forms the basis
of environmental modeling. Mathematical Equations otherwise called models are the abstraction of
reality, can be used to find suitable solutions to the many of the problems we face today using the
principle of Applied Physical- Analytical Chemistry and Environmental Engineering. Accordingly,
environmental systems can be described interms of the functioning of tank and tubular reactors. The
concept of mass and energy balance and its significance for the description of common model systems
of tank and tubular reactors, river models, lake models, biological hazard rooms, structured model
kinetics, monod kinetics, and biofilms will be introduced. Course starts with simple models,
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School of Environmental Studies, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin
Syllabus 2019 - 2022
familiarizing the students on the significance of stochiometric coefficients for common reactions and
their simulations using tools like AQUASIM, for practice. Later on for the implementation of
complex systems based on the experiences gained, to make probable predictions according the
selection of suitable models.
Course objective
To expose the students to aquire the theory and practices of mathematical models for the study of
complex environmental systems and uses of simulation tools to solve environmental issues through
material & energy saving, pollution & emission reduction, waste minimization and to reactor
optimizations.
Learning outcome
On the successful completion of the course, students will be able to
Course Outcome [CO]
Cognitive Level [CL]
CO1:
Understand the importance of environmental modeling for describing a
process, and mass balance relationships. Study of isotherm model for
basic understanding.
CL – 2 (Understand)
CO2: Basic aspects of environmental modeling with examples are
described, for the understanding of its significance for the study reactor
systems.
CL -2 (Understand)
CO3: Description of models for the study of complex systems- rivers,
lakes, hazard rooms, Monod-kinetics and wastewater treatment systems.
Isotherm models and their applications in environmental engineering.
CL – 4 (Apply)
CO4: Use of simulation tools , practice using them for model descriptions
and interpretation of the model parameters, to define the functioning of
the selected systems
CL- 4 (Analyse)
CO5: Application of selected models for prediction - Substance
separation in a box network, Hazard room model for air circulation, and
BET, D-R, John & John-Sivanandan Achari isotherm model for material
characterization and efficiency.
CL- 4 (Evaluate)
Assessment Pattern:
Category
Continuous assessment tests
Examination
1
2
3
Remember
-
-
-
-
Understand
20
20
20
60
Apply
20
20
20
40
Analyse
30
30
30
-
Evaluate
30
30
30
-
Create
-
-
-
-
Course level Assessment Questions
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School of Environmental Studies, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin
Syllabus 2019 - 2022
Course Outcome 1:
1. What is a mathematical model?
2. Define Stochiometric coefficient.
3. How models are useful for the study of environmental systems?
Course Outcome 2:
1. What are deterministic models?
2. Formulate the models for a CSTR.
3. What is meant by component mass balance equation?
Course Outcome 3:
1. Describe the various steps involved in a modelling procedure.
2. How models are classified based on data structure.
3. Describe the functioning of an eddy riverine system as a combination of tank and tubular reactors
4. Explain the with suitable models, the diffusion flux and interphase mass transfer coefficients.
Course Outcome 4:
1. How will you model the formation reaction A + B → C in AQUASIM, as substance
separation in a box network in constant volume reactor compartment.
2. Model a Lake System and Study of Lake Pollution Problem with the following features (1)
Simplest Case & (ii) Biological Removal of Pollutants
3. Model Energy Balancing in a CSTR with proper uses of (1) Accumulation Term (2) Flow Terms,
(3) Heat Transfer Terms and (4) Reaction Heat Term.
Course Outcome 5:
1. Model Lake System with respect to features and mass balance to study the extent of (i) Oxygen
Limitation & (ii) Lake Geometry.
2. How will you apply BET isotherm model for the identification of the monolayer capacity of a
porous material?
3. Describe the modelling aspects involved in evaluating the efficiency of a gas filter attached to the
safety gadget of a Hazard Room.
4. How will you implement mass transfer theory in (i) interphase mass transfer (ii) steady state tubular
and column modelling with design aspects and with suitable component mass balance equations.
5. Implement John and John- Sivanandan Achari models for the textural characterisation of porous
material and for predicting the adsorption efficiency of the material in tank and tubular reactors.
SYLLABUS
Unit 1 General Aspects of Modeling: Reactions and stochiometric coefficient, Modeling principle
and role in environmental technology, model classification; deterministic, stochastic, steady state and
dynamic models. Modeling procedure, simulation and other tools. Aquasim and other tools for
modeling of aquatic systems.
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School of Environmental Studies, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin
Syllabus 2019 - 2022
Unit 2Mass balance Concept: Stochiometry matrix, tank reactor, lake and watersheds, river flow
systems, continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR), plug flow tubular reactor (PFTR), convective and
diffusive flows. Formulation of mass balance in terms of accumulation, convection, production,
diffusion and interface mass transport. Importance of total and component mass balance. Modeling of
biological hazard room, lake pollution as a modeling problem.
Unit 3 Energy and Environment, and Balancing: Sun as source of energy; solar radiation and its
spectral characteristics. Fossil fuels: classification, composition, physico-chemical characteristics and
energy content of coal, petroleum and natural gas. Shale oil, Coal bed Methane, Gas hydrates. Gross-
calorific value and net-calorific value. Principles of generation of hydro-power, tidal energy, ocean
thermal energy conversion, wind power, geothermal energy, solar energy (solar collectors, photo-
voltaic modules, solar ponds). Nuclear energy - fission and fusion, Nuclear fuels, Nuclear reactor –
principles and types; Bioenergy: methods to produce energy from biomass. Environmental
implications of energy use; energy use pattern in India and the world, emissions of CO2 in developed
and developing countries including India, radiative forcing and global warming. Impacts of large scale
exploitation of solar, wind, hydro and nuclear energy sources. - Chemical and biological reaction
systems. Reactor operations. Reaction kinetics with regards to microbial growth, substrate uptake
kinetics and inhibition structured kinetic models, Monod kinetics, biofilm models, respiration and
oxygen uptake rates, mass transfer coefficient, external and internal mass transfer. Modeling of
tubular plug flow reactor.
Unit 4 Modeling of Aquatic Systems by Advanced Softwares: File handling, model formulations,
variables, process and reactor compartments, advective-diffusive reactor. Application of software in
simulation with models: Biochemical process in a batch reactor, transport and substance separation in
a box network.
Unit-5Statistical Approaches and Modeling in Environmental Science : Attributes and Variables:
types of variables, scales of measurement, measurement of Central tendency and Dispersion, Standard
error, Moments – measure of Skewness and Kurtosis, Basic concept of probability theory, Sampling
theory, Distributions - Normal, log-normal, Binomial, Poisson, t, X2 and F-distribution. Correlation,
Regression, tests of hypothesis (t-test, 2-test ANOVA: one-way and two-way, post – hoc analysis);
significance and confidence limits, Approaches to development of environmental models; linear,
simple and multiple regression models, validation and forecasting. Models of population growth and
interactions: Lotka-Voltera model, Leslie’s matrix model.
References
1) Kreyszig, E.; (2004). Advanced Engineering Mathematics 8
th
edition, ISBN 9971-51-283-1,
John Wiley & Sons (Asia) INC.
2) Snape, J. B.; Dunn, I. J.; Ingham J.; Prenosil J. E.; (2009). ‘Dynamics of Environment
Bioprocesses, modeling and simulation’ ISBN 3-527-28705-1,VCH, Weinheim, Germany.
3) Henze M. P.; Harremoes, Jes la Cour Jansen.; Arvin E.; (2009). ‘Waste water treatment,
biological and chemical processes”. ISBN 3-540-58816-7, 3
rd
Edition, Springer -Verlag, Berlin
Heidelberg.
4) Reichert P.; (1998). AQUASIM 2.0 user manual, computer programme for the identification
and simulation of Aquatic systems, EAWAG, Dubendorf, Switzerland.
5) Mackay D.; (1991). “Multimedia Environmental Models, The Fugacity Approach”. ISBN 0-87
371- 242-0, Lewis Publishers.
6) Walker H. M.; Lev J.; (1984). ‘Elementary statistical Methods’. ISBN 03-08- 1130-9, 3
rd
Edition, Holt, Reinhard and Winston, Inc.
7) IWA (1996). “Activated sludge modeling, ASMI and ASM2, AIWA, Scientific and Technical
Report No.9”. Edited by IWA task group.
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School of Environmental Studies, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin
Syllabus 2019 - 2022
8) Walter J Weber Jr.; (1972). “Physicochemical Processes for water quality control” Wiley-
Interscience.
9) Walter J Weber Jr. and Francis A. Digiano.; (1996). ‘Process Dynamics in Environmental
Systems” A Wiley -Interscience Publication, John Wiley & Sons, INC.
10) Marsh H and Rodriguez- Reinozo F, (2006). “Activated Carbon”, Elsevier,
11) Diran Basmadjian, (1996). “The Little Adsorption Book”.
12) John P. T.; Achari V. S.; (2002). “Characterisation of Structural Parameters of Finely Divided
and Porous Materials by a New Adsorption Isotherm”. Journal of Materials Science, 37 (4),
885-893.
13) Sivanandan Achari, V.; Raichel Mary Lopez.; Jayasree.S.; Rajalakshmi, A.S.; (2019). Lanthanum
ion Impregnated Granular Activated Carbon for the Removal of Phenol from Aqueous Solution:
Equilibrium and Kinetic Study, International Journal of Chemical Kinetics: 215-231.
14) Sivanandan Achari, V.; Mercy Thomas.; Jayasree.S., Rajalakshmi, A.S.; Raichel Mary Lopez.;
Bindia Ravindran (2018). John isotherm for the characterization of microporous carbons: A
comparative evaluation of adsorption phenomena. Indian Journal of Chemical Technology. Vol.
25: 123 -139.
20-306-2209 Environmental Management and Legal Aspects (Theory, Elective- 2 Credits)
Course Description
Environmental Management System educates students to become environmental managers who not
only understand all aspects of the environmental industry/or corporate but also have “new work
skills”, including skills in critical and analytical thinking, problem solving, project management,
interpersonal relations and team work.
Course Objective
To impart an understanding of systems approach to Environmental Management as per ISO 14001
and skills for environmental performance in terms of legal compliance, pollution prevention and
continual improvement.
Learning Outcome
On the successful completion of the course, students will be able to
Course Outcome [CO]
Cognitive Level
CO1: Explain the major environmental concepts and issues
confronting managers working in corporations, businesses,
government, industries and non- profit groups
Understand
CO2: Describe the strategic and operational approaches to
environmental management that can be taken by business and
society
Understand
CO3: Explain the concept of regulatory compliance, recent
technological changes, emergency management, health and
safety management, global resource conservation and
sustainable development
Understand
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School of Environmental Studies, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin
Syllabus 2019 - 2022
CO4: Apply the concept of environmental management
systems
and identify the actions needed to prepare for an ISO 14000
certification audit for any industry
Apply
Assessment Patterns
Category
Continuous
Assessment
Tests
Examination
1
2
3
Remember
10
10
10
10
Understand
50
50
50
50
Apply
40
40
40
40
Analyse
-
-
-
-
Evaluate
-
-
-
-
Create
-
-
-
-
Course Level Assessment Questions
Course Outcome 1:
1. Describe the nexus between environment and development in the background of
globalization concept
2. Explain how the Corporate Social Responsibility Concept can be used to improve the
society
3. Discuss the barriers and obstacles in implementation of Environmental management System
for any industry
Course Outcome 2:
1. Describe the basic steps in Environmental Auditing Process for any industry
2. Explain the various source reduction techniques to achieve cleaner production
3. Explain the different stages of developing & implementing Environmental
Management Systems
Course Outcome 3:
1. Discuss the purpose and benefits of Eco labeling
2. How ISO14001 implementation in an organization results in attaining goal of sustainable
development? Briefly explain.
3. Explain the basic concepts of Life Cycle Assessment for product development
Course Outcome 4:
1. You are responsible for implementing an environmental management system for an
organization, which must meet the requirements of ISO 14000. List the issues you would
consider when assessing the significance of your environmental impacts.
2. You are responsible for implementing an environmental management system for an
organization, which must meet the requirements of ISO 14000. List the actions you would
take to prepare for anISO14000certificationaudit.
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School of Environmental Studies, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin
Syllabus 2019 - 2022
3. Suppose your company boss is not willing to go for ISO 14001in his organization because
of legal headaches. Being an environmental engineer, how will you explain him the
importance of ISO 14001certification and what benefits company will get after
implementation of ISO14001in his company.
SYLLABUS
Unit 1 Introduction to Environmental Management System (EMS) : The Context of
Environmental Management - Sustainability and sustainable development - Relationship between
business and Environment - Implementation of EMS - Barriers, obstacles in EMS - Opportunities in
implementation of EMS - Corporate Social Responsibility.
Unit 2 Environmental Management Standards : Environmental standards- Concentration & Mass -
Environmental standards - Effluent & Stream - Environmental standards - Emission & Ambient -
Environmental labelling scheme -Certifications.
Unit 3 Preventive Environmental Management : Pollution control Vs Pollution prevention -
Cleaner production concepts - Source reduction, Raw material substitution, Process modification,
Toxic use reduction and Elimination - Opportunities and barriers of CP - Cleaner production project
development and implementation - Cleaner production assessment and applications.
Unit 4 ISO 14001 and Elements of EMS : Environmental Management tools - EMS Hierarchy -
structure - Concept of Continual improvement - EMS model - Environmental policy and planning -
Implementation and operation - Checking and Corrective action - Management Review - Application
of EMS.
Unit 5 Environmental Auditing and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) : Environmental management
system audits as per ISO 19011 - Roles and qualifications of auditors - Audit Types - Basic steps in
audit - ISO and Indicators - Environmental performance indicator - Types of Environmental indicators
- Applications of indicators in environmental performance - Nonconformance - Corrective and
Preventive actions - Environmental statement - Application of EA. Life Cycle Assessment:
Components of LCA - Measuring Environmental Impact - Strategic Implementation for LCA - LCA
Cost Assessment.
References:
1. John Brady.; (Editor). (2005). “Environmental management in organizations, the IEMA
Handbook”. Earth scan.
2. Christopher S.; Mark Y.; (2007). “Environmental Management Systems” (3
rd
Edition),
Earth scan Publications, First South Asian Edition
3. Christian N Madu.; (2007). “Environmental planning and management”. Imperial college
press
4. M D LaGrega, P L Buckingham, J C Evans.; (2001). Hazardous waste management,
McGraw Hill International Edition
5. , David L Goetsch and Stanley B Davis.; (2001). “Introduction to environmental engineering
and science” Gilbert M Masters, 2
nd
Edition, Pearson Education, 2004 6. ISO 14000
Environmental Management, Prentice Hall.
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School of Environmental Studies, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin
Syllabus 2019 - 2022
20-306-0210 Industrial Ecology (Theory, Elective: 2Credits)
Course Description
Industrial ecology is the study of material and energy flows through industrial systems. This field
approaches issues of sustainability by examining problems from multiple perspectives, usually
involving aspects of sociology, the environment, economy and technology. The course name comes
from the idea that the analogy of natural systems should be used as an aid in understanding how to
design sustainable industrial systems.
Course Objective
To be conversant with the basic principles and techniques of Industrial Ecology- a paradigm that
looks to natural systems for the new principles of design and operation of community and industrial
systems.
Learning Outcome
Upon successful completion of this course, students should be able to:
Course Outcome [CO]
Cognitive Level
CO1:Understand the basic concepts of industrial ecology (IE),
Analyze the similarities and differences between an ecosystem
and an industrial system, Case studies from Industrial Ecology
and sustainability perspective
Understand
CO2: Understand tools in IE: Life cycle Analysis, Analyse the
strategies in Industrial ecology with regard to material reduction
Understand
CO3: Gain knowledge in the System tools to support industrial
ecology, Aspects of lessening Environmental Impacts-Zero
emission system.
Analyse
CO4: Understand the concepts of Industrial metabolism,
Cleaner Production, Environment product design and
Ecological foot print
Understand
Analyse
CO 5: Basic Concepts of Environmental Economics, Ecosystem
valuation and solution to correct externalities
Understand
Assessment Pattern
Bloom’s
category
Continuous
assessment tests
Terminal
Examination
1
2
3
Remember
-
-
-
-
Understand
50
50
50
50
Apply
-
-
-
-
Analyse
40
40
40
40
Evaluate
10
10
10
10
Create
-
-
-
-
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School of Environmental Studies, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin
Syllabus 2019 - 2022
Course level assessment questions
Course Outcome 1
1. Explain the human Impact on environment (I) using Masters Equation
2. Explain the water conservation initiatives taken in Kalundborg case study
3. Do you regard the criticisms of Robert Ayres concerning the BE/IE analogy to be
valid and important? Why or Why not?
4. What is Type I, II and III ecosystems? Is a fully functioning type II industrial
ecosystem the ultimate? Is it realistic to work towards type III industrial ecosystem?
Does true type III system exist in nature?
Course Outcome 2
1. How does pollution prevention (P
2
) approaches contribute to sustainable
Development
2. Explain the limitations of Life cycle assessment
3. With an example explain Biomimicry in Architecture
Course Outcome 3
1. What are the seven steps of a material flow analysis?
2. What are some effective ways to reduce material consumption in everyday life while
maintaining liveability?
Course Outcome 4
1. Some cities around the world refer to themselves as ‘sustainable cities’. If you were
the Mayor of one of them, how would you justify this appellation
2. Briefly explain the principles of green building design and operation
3. How do the increasing population and its increasing ecological footprint affect the
homeostasis of the Earth's ecosystem?
Course Outcome 5
1. Explain the Economic valuation methods for ecosystem services
2. What is the difference between Green marketing and green washing
3. Give an example of a technology that enhances sustainability. Defend your choice
(consider systemic effects)
Unit 1 Sustainable development: Concept and strategies of sustainable environment,
Master equation for the estimation of total environmental impact, Technological evolution,
Analogy of biological ecology and industrial ecology, Foodwebs and Industrial Ecoparks,
Industrial symbiosis-Kalundborg - a case study.
Unit 2 Life Cycle Assessment : Introduction, History & definition of LCA; Components in
a product’s life cycle- Structure of LCA - Advantages of LCA, Case studies. Biomimicry/
Biomimetics, levels of biomimetics. Strategies of Industrial ecology- Material Substitution-
De-materialization, Transmaterialization-examples - Reuse and recycling, Case studies,
Typical constraints on reuse and recycling. Delinking and decoupling.
Unit 3 Design for the Environment : Design for environmental Practices, Environment
product design. Material flow analysis (MFA) -Definition and Types of MFO - Material flow
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School of Environmental Studies, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin
Syllabus 2019 - 2022
accounting-indicators used in Material flow accounting- Material flow management.
Measuring the balance analysis, Aspects of lessening Impacts-Zero emission system.
Unit 4 Cleaner Production: Principles of green chemistry and green engineering. Clean
technology Centre, Ireland: objectives, industrial services, barriers and conflicts. Industrial
metabolism. Ecological foot print
Unit 5 Environmental Economics: Market failure, Externalities, Common goods and public
goods, Ecosystem valuation, Solution to correct externalities – Environmental regulation,
Quotas on pollution, Taxes and tariff on pollution, Pigovian tax, Ecological Economics,
Green economy, Ecolabel, Green washing, Low-carbon economy.
Text/Reference Books
1. Ayres, R.U.; Ayres, L.W.; (2002). “A Handbook of Industrial Ecology”. INSEAD, France
ISBN: 978 1 84064 506 4
2. Mary, A. C.; (2010). “Environmental Life Cycle Assessment”. Ed., McGraw - Hill, New
York. ISBN-13: 978-0070150638
3. Ahmed, M. H.; (2012). “Principles of Environmental Economics and Sustainability: An
Integrated Economic and Ecological Approach”. Routledge publisher. ISBN 0415676908
4. Williams R.B.; (2013). “Greening the Economy”, Taylor & Francis Ltd. ISBN:
9780415745505
5. Scott, J. C.; Janet, M. T.; (2015). “Environmental Economics and Management Theory,
Policy and Applications”. South Western publishers.ISBN-10: 8131527646
6. Nataliya, O. S.; (2017). “Industrial Ecology”. Delve Publishing. ISBN-13: 978-
1773610016
20-306-0211 Energy Resources and Management (Theory, Elective- 2credits)
Course Description
Energy is required for all life processes. Human energy consumption has grown steadily throughout
human history. In the pre-industrial time, humans had modest energy requirements, mainly for food
and fuel for fires to cook and keep warm. However, the energy requirement has grown tremendously
in modern times. Energy resources refer to all forms of fuels which find applications in the
development of the modern world. Heating, generation of electrical energy and energy conversion
processes of all sorts, are the main function of fuels.
The primary energy sources include fossil energy (oil, coal and natural gas), nuclear energy, and
renewable energy (wind, solar, geothermal and hydropower). The secondary energy source is from the
conversion of primary sources such as electricity which flows through power lines and other
transmission infrastructures. Fossil fuels have disadvantages as they are non-renewable and they cause
several harmful effects on the environment. The need of exploiting renewable energy has become the
top most priority in the modern world. At the same time a proper management strategy also needs to
be worked out. The content of the syllabus “Energy Resource Management” provides a
comprehensive understanding of all these aspects by clearly deducing a basement in the initial
teaching followed by advanced level topics in various aspects of energy, its various ways of
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School of Environmental Studies, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin
Syllabus 2019 - 2022
production, its uses and finally its management. The students will learn about energy production and
utilization along with associated environmental management, regulatory and policy issues.
Course Objectives
To impart a complete understanding of the basic characteristics of renewable sources of
energy and related technologies.
To identify new methods and technologies for effective utilisation of renewable energy
resources.
To deduce a complete protocol for the management of energy.
Course Outcome
Upon completion of this course, the students are expected to identify innovative technologies in the
field of energy and come up with a complete management plan for the effective utilisation of
renewable and non-renewable energy resources.
Course Outcome [CO]
Cognitive Level
CO1: Discuss the relationship between energy usage and human
development index, effect of energy services on productivity, health,
education, safe water and communication
Understand
CO2: Describe the nonrenewable energy resources, its distribution,
usage and environmental impacts
Understand
CO3: Provide with a solid foundation for developing the use of
renewable energy systems
Understand
CO4: Analyse and interpret information related to renewable energy
Analyze
CO5: Ability to analyse the viability of energy conservation projects
Analyze
Unit 1 Introduction : Energy and Human development index, Sources of Energy, Renewable and
non-renewable energy, Energy requirements and consumption pattern in the context of global,
national and regional.
Unit 2 Non-renewable Energy Resources: Classification of Fossil fuels: Coal, Oil, Oil shale, Tar
sands, Natural gas, Non-fossil fuels: Nuclear power, Ecological and social impacts of major thermal
and nuclear power plants, Management of energy projects and its environmental impacts.
Unit 3 Renewable Energy Resources- and alternate fuels: Solar Energy: Technique for harvesting
solar energy, direct utilization of solar energy by thermal conversion thermo-mechanical conversion,
Photo-voltaic cells, indirect utilization through water power- Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
(OTEC), , Wind resources, Geothermal sources, Tidal energy and Ocean waves, biogas- recent
advancements and upgradation technologies, fuel cell- storage and recent developments
Unit 4 Energy conservation policies and acts: India’s Energy and Climate Concerns: Schemes to
promote energy conservation and energy efficiency - Standards and Labeling, Energy Conservation
Building Codes (ECBC), National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency (NMEEE).
Unit 4 Energy Management and Auditing - Demand Side Management (DSM) Scheme:
Economic analysis in the Energy Management and Audit Programme, Energy audit; Phases in energy
auditing; Energy bills; Energy rate schedules; Energy accounting; Energy audit report format; Case
studies ; Green buildings
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School of Environmental Studies, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin
Syllabus 2019 - 2022
References
1 Goldemberg, J.; Johnansson, T.B.; Reddy, A.K.N.; Williams, R.H.; (1988). “Energy for
Sustainable World”. Wiely Eastern Ltd,
2 Hill, R.; O’Keef, P.; Snape, C.; (1996). “The future Energy use”. Earthscan publication Ltd.
London
3 Colin Baird, W.H.; (1999). “Environemntal Chemistry”, Freeman and Company
4 Looking back to think ahead: Green India 2047. Tata Energy Research Institute (TERI), 1998
5 Dale R P.; Stephen W F.; (2014). “Energy Conservation Guidebook”. 2
nd
Edition, CRC Press
6 Handbook of Energy Audits, Albert Thumann, 9thEdition, CRC Press, 2012
7 Turner, W.C.; (2006). “Energy Management Handbook”. 6
th
Edition, CRC Press
8 Capehart, B.L.; Turner W.C.; Kennedy W.J.; (2011). “Guide to Energy Management” 7
th
Edition,
Fairmont Press
9 Patrick D.R.; Fardo S.W.; Richardson R.E.; Fardo B.W.; (2014). ‘Energy Conservation
Guidebook”. 3
rd
Edition, Fairmont Press
20-306-2212 Environmental Engineering Lab (Core- 1credit)
Course Description
Study of engineering systems and optimization requires the determination of characteristic
constants and parameters that controls the mass and energy balances of the reactor systems.
The critical analysis of their magnitudes to identify the feasibility of the process too is also very
important. Environmental Engineering laboratory practices in this respect are very important
to allow the students get practiced into the way the process are conducted in the bench scale
batch reactors, the conducting of the process and calculation of the controlling parameters.
Objectives
Practical training of the process the students studied in their theory classes are done in the
laboratory sessions to get acquainted with the real situations, for acquiring more orientation of
the concepts they exposed to be utilized in the professional life.
Learning Outcome
On the successful completion of the course, students will be able to
Course Outcome [CO]
Cognitive Level
CO1: Understand the importance of common environmental engineering
systems in real situations with working examples.
Understand
CO2: Basic aspects of environmental systems and process for special
applications are described. Study of chemical reactions, parameters and
determination of constants.
Understand
CO3: Description of procedures for the study of particular process in
Apply
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School of Environmental Studies, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin
Syllabus 2019 - 2022
bench scale conditions. Use of models/ equations and their applications in
the determination of the effectiveness of the process.
CO4: Functioning of the selected systems treatment systems and their
practical applications are done through practical sessions
Analyse
CO5: Application of the experience gathered in the lab sessions for the
innovations in future as professionals- through, making lab reports,
inferences arrived, documentation and reporting.
Evaluate
Assessment Pattern
Category
Continuous assessment tests
Examination
1
2
3
Remember
-
Understand
20
20
20
60
Apply
20
20
20
40
Analyse
30
30
30
-
Evaluate
30
30
30
-
Create
-
-
-
-
1. Buffer Intensity
2. Biological Oxygen Demand - Rate Constant
3. Removal of Iron from Waste Water
4. Water Softening
5. Adsorption Kinetics and Equilibrium
6. Settling Characteristics
7. Terminal Velocity
8. Jar Test for determining Optimum Coagulant Dose for Water Treatment
References
1. Santhosh Kumar Garg & Rajeshwary Garg (2001 & 2010). Water Supply Engineering
(Vol.1) Khanna Publishers, 2-B, Nath Market, Nai Sarak, Delhi-110006.
2. Metcalf & Eddy (2003 4
th
Edition) Wastewater Engineering Treatment and Reuse - Tata
McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited, New Delhi.
20-306-2213 Chemical and Biological Methods in Environmental Analysis Lab (Core- 2
Credits)
Course Description
Study of the environment requires reliable and accurate measurement of extremely small quantities of
chemicals and the ability to determine if they are naturally occurring species or pollutants. The
course- ES 2209 covers basic chemical lab techniques for the analysis of environmental samples and
on written presentation of analytical results.
Course Objective
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School of Environmental Studies, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin
Syllabus 2019 - 2022
The course provides students expertise to generate good quality data from physico- chemical
and biological analysis of water samples and interpret the information produced in the analytical
laboratory. The course will provide in depth knowledge on the various analytical and basic
instrumental methods used in the laboratory for environmental chemical analysis. Use the skills
and modern environmental science techniques and tools necessary for a successful career in the field.
Learning Outcome
Having successfully completed this module, the student will be able to:
Course Outcome [CO]
Cognitive Level
CO1: principle and procedure of experiments
Understand
CO2: Design and conduct experiments
Apply
CO3: analyze and interpret data
Analyse
CO4: Expertise in environmental sample preparation, physico-
chemical analysis and instrumental methods
Apply
Assessment Pattern
Category
Continuous Assessment
Tests
Examination
1
2
3
Remember
-
-
-
-
Understand
20
20
20
20
Apply
60
60
60
60
Analyse
20
20
20
20
Evaluate
-
-
-
-
Create
-
-
-
-
Course Level Assessment Questions
Course Outcome 2:
1. Determine the nitrite content in the given sample of water by spectrophotometric method.
OR
2. Determine the dissolved inorganic phosphate content in the given sample of water by
spectrophotometric method
Course outcome 1:
3. (a)Write the procedure with principle and chemical equations involved in the
spectrophotometric determination of dissolved inorganic phosphate in water.
(b)Write the procedure with principle and chemical equations involved in the
spectrophotometric determination of nitrite in water samples.
3. Evaluation of Laboratory Record
4. Viva Voce
Course outcome 3:
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School of Environmental Studies, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin
Syllabus 2019 - 2022
1. Analyse the nutrient (nitrite-N and phosphate -P) concentrations in a lake and and suggest
whether there is an enrichment which may lead to eutrophication in the future.
2. Analyse the coliform data of well water samples and interpret the data and suggest whether
the samples are suitable for drinking purpose.
SYLLABUS
1. Determination of phosphate by Spectrophotometry
2. Determination of nitrite by Spectrophotometry
3. Determination of turbidity of water using Nepheloturbidimeter
4. Determination of sulphate in water by Turbidimetry
5. Determination of sodium in water by Flame photometry
6. Determination of potassium in water by Flame Photometry
7. Determination of the strength of a base by Potentiometric titration
8. Demonstration of working of GC-MS.
9. Demonstration of working of ICP-AES.
10. Demonstration of sample preparation and working of IR.
11. Demonstration of working of AAS.
12. Application of HPLC in Environmental Analysis usingTest Samples(Phenol and )
13. Application of BET Analyser for the Testing of Porous Materials
14. Application of TOC Analyser for the water analysis
15. Indicators and pathogens -Coliforms as indicators of faecal pollution- Enumeration
and identification of Coli forms (fecal and non-fecal) using MPN method.
16. Water borne pathogens - Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio cholerae, Streptococcus and
viruses - detection, enumeration, isolation and identification.
References
1. Pradyot Patnaik (2010), Environmental Analysis Chemical Pollutants in Air Water Soil and
Solid Waste, Second Edition, CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group.
2. J. Mendam, R.C. Denny, J.D. Barnes and .J.K. Thomas (2007), Vogel’s text book of
Quantitative Chemical Analysis, 5
th
impression, Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd.
3. Andrew D. Eaton, Lenore S. Glesceri, Eugene W. Rice and Arnold E. Greenberg (Eds)
(2005), Standards Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater Analysis, 21st
Edition, APHA. Washington DC.
20-306-2214Environmental Toxicology Lab (Core- 1 Credit)
Course Description
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School of Environmental Studies, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin
Syllabus 2019 - 2022
This course provides an in depth understanding of characteristic properties of toxic chemicals. The
students acquire proficiency in handling and conducting toxicity studies using environmental
chemicals.
Course Objectives
Course aims to teach the students on various toxicity tests, testing protocols and pollution monitoring
protocols. Students will able to analyze various options for stress removal from the environment.
Learning Outcomes
On the successful completion of the course the students will be able to:
Course outcome [CO]
Cognitive level
CO:1 Theoretical toxicological concepts,
principles and measures of toxicity
Remember
CO2: Explain the method to determine the safe
level of a toxicant in the bio systems.
Understand
CO3: Evaluate the various toxicity testing
methods
Apply
CO 4: Analyse the derived toxicity data for
predicting toxic effects.
Analyse
Assessment pattern
Category
Continuous assessment tests
Examination
1
2
3
Remember
10
10
10
10
Understand
50
40
40
40
Apply
30
30
30
30
Analyse
20
20
20
20
Evaluate
-
-
-
-
Create
-
-
-
-
Course level assessment questions
Course outcome 1:
1 What is toxicity?
2. Define acute toxicity.
3. What is stress?
Course outcome 2:
1. Give definition of LC50 and LD50
2. Describe the behavioral response of fish under stress media
3. Write down the criteria for selecting the test animal for conducting toxicity test.
4. Course outcome 2: CO2
Course outcome 3:
1. Record data of normal and abnormal responses.
2. Plot LC 50 survival curve using Probit value.
3. Derive data for short term and long-term toxic effects of metal treated fish
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School of Environmental Studies, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin
Syllabus 2019 - 2022
Course outcome 4:
1. Estimate the concentration of metal in the bio system
2. Make a case study on environmental epidemiology
3. Collect data for contaminant risk of environmental chemicals
SYLLABUS
1) Lethal Toxicity Study
a) To determine the LC 50 value of a metal in a Clam.
b) To determine the LC 50 Value of a metal in a fish.
2) Stress Responses in Aquatic Organisms.
Variation in Rate of oxygen consumption under toxicant stress.
a) To determine the Rate of oxygen consumption in Clam. Pre exposed to a metal for 24 hour.
b) To determine the Rate of oxygen consumption in Fish pre-exposed to metal for 24 hour
c) To determine the Rate of filtration in Clams pre exposed to sublethal levels of metal.
3) Metal Depuration Studies
3.1 To study if there is any variation in Rate of oxygen consumption and filtration in Clams once
they are transferred to pollutant free medium after exposing to the toxicant for a specific period
of time.
3.2 To study the opercular activity under metal stress condition
20-306-2215 IDE Natural Resource Management (ID Elective- 2 Credits)
Course Description
Courses and specializations focus on environmental topics like land-use planning, conservation
biology, energy use, climate change, renewable resource management, forest and wildlife
management, or natural resource policy. Through this introductory course, students explore the modes
employed to preserve the biological integrity of various ecosystems. They examine methods for
encouraging a healthy genetic line, preserving natural habitats and making sure food sources are
available. Students examine how new species affect and can destroy an area.
Course Objectives
Course aims to give an outlook about natural resources and their management to the students. It
includes management of various resources including human, soil, coastal zone, fisheries, forests and
energy.
Learning Outcomes
After completion of the full course the student should be able to:
Course Outcome
Cognitive level
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School of Environmental Studies, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin
Syllabus 2019 - 2022
CO1: Explain nature, usage, preservation and
management of natural resources
Understand
CO2: Discuss the conservation and
management of soil, wetland, fisheries and
coastal zone
Analyze
CO3: Explain the conservation and
management of forests
Understand
CO4: Describe the conservation and
management techniques of energy resources
Understand
Assessment Pattern
Category
Continuous
assessment tests
Examination
1
2
3
Remember
20
30
40
20
Understand
40
70
60
60
Apply
-
-
-
Analyse
20
-
-
20
Evaluate
-
-
-
-
Create
-
-
-
-
Course Level Assessment Questions
Course Outcome 1:
1. Explain briefly about how nature balances the human population by itself with suitable
examples.
2. What are the different types of resources available in the environment?
3. Describe in detail about different human approaches for the resource management in the
environment.
Course Outcome 2:
1. Analyse the human exploitation of environment leading to soil erosion and its preventative
measures.
2. Describe the environmental impact of dams.
3. What are the various management options in fisheries?
Course Outcome 3:
1. What are individual measures that can be taken for conservation of forest?
2. Describe in detail about forest management
Course Outcome 4:
1. What are the different strategies that can be adopted for green building constructions
2. Describe about energy conservation methods
3. Discuss the urban planning strategies and transportation
SYLLABUS
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School of Environmental Studies, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin
Syllabus 2019 - 2022
Unit 1 Concepts in resource management: Nature of resources, an ecological outlook, human
population, resource use, conservation, preservation, multiple use, national attitude. Classification of
natural resources- renewable, non renewable resources. Approaches to natural resource management-
exploitation, preservation, utilarian approach, ecological or sustainable approach.
Unit 2 Land and water resources: Soil conservation- soil erosion, controlling erosion on farm, non-
farm erosion control, Wetland preservation and management, land use inventory and planning.
Coastal zone management -Water use planning-dams, lakes and ponds, waterway use, desalinisation,
use and reuse of water, water run off control from urban areas, rain water harvesting.. Trends in
capture fisheries and aquaculture, Management options in fisheries.
Unit 3 Forest and Management: Forest - definition and types, Measuring the forest, intermediate
cuttings, harvest cuttings, reproducing the forest; Management of grazing, invasives, fire and wild
life. Forest as a life sustaining system, Forest produces, Man and forest.
Unit 4 Energy Resources: Energy Conservation and Management - Green buildings, Energy
conservation, urban planning & transportation. Renewable and non-renewable energy sources.
References:
1. Campbell and Sayer.; (2003). Integrated natural Resource Management. CABI Publishing.
2. Chiras DD and Reganold J. P;. (2011). Natural Resource Conservation: Management for a
sustainable future, 10/E Prentice Hall
3. Agras G. I. and Anderson F. O.; (2011), Terrestrial Ecosystem Ecology. Cambridge
University Press
4. Kaswamila A.; (2012). Sustainable Natural Resources Management. In Tech Publ.
5. Menon A et al. (2007).; Community based Natural Resource Management. Sage India.
20-306-2016 IDE Intellectual Property Right, Biosafety and Bioethics (ID Elective, 2
Credits)
Course Description
The course provides a broad coverage of three areas of patenting—intellectual property rights (IPR),
biosafety and bioethics. It creates awareness about the value of IPR in our lives and fosters a better
understanding of the rights associated with IPR such as copyright, patent, trademarks, industrial
designs, and geographical indications and so on. Biosafety and bioethical issues prevalent in modern
society are discussed.
Course Objective
To introduce basic concepts of ethics and safety that are essential for different disciplines of science
and procedures involved and protection of intellectual property and related rights. To understand
balanced integration of scientific and social knowledge in sustainable development.
Learning Outcome:
On the successful completion of the course, students will be able to:
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Syllabus 2019 - 2022
Course Outcome [CO]
Cognitive Level
CO1: Introduction to Patents, Trademarks, Copyright &
Related Rights, Industrial Design, Traditional knowledge,
Geographical Indications, Protection of New GMOs;
International framework for the protection of IP, IP as a factor
in R&D
Remember
CO2: Understand the basics of Patent, its important, the various
stages in patent filing; National and International patent rules
and procedures. Recognize importance of protection of new
knowledge and innovations and its role in business
Understand
CO3: Recognize importance of biosafety practices and
guidelines in research and comprehend benefits of GM
technology and related issues
Understand
CO4: Interpret basics of biosafety and bioethics and its impact
on all the biological sciences and the quality of human life
Understand
SYLLABUS
Unit 1 Introduction to Intellectual Property: Types of IP: Patents, Trademarks, Copyright &
Related Rights, Industrial Design, Traditional Knowledge, Geographical Indications, Protection of
New GMOs; International framework for the protection of IP IP as a factor in R&D; IPs of relevance
to Biotechnology and few Case Studies; Introduction to History of GATT, WTO, WIPO and TRIPS.
Concept of ‘prior art’- Invention in context of “prior art”; Patent databases; Searching International
Databases; Country-wisepatent searches (USPTO, EPO, India etc.); Analysis and report formation
Unit 2 Basics of Patents : Types of patents; Indian Patent Act 1970; Recent Amendments; Filing of a
patent application; Precautions before patenting-disclosure/non-disclosure; WIPO Treaties; Budapest
Treaty; PCT and Implications; Role of a Country Patent Office; Procedure for filing a PCT
application. Patent filing and Infringement- Patent application- forms and guidelines, fee structure,
time frames; Types of patent applications: provisional and complete specifications; PCT and
convention patent applications; International patenting-requirement, procedures and costs; Financial
assistance for patenting-introduction to existing schemes; Publication of patents-gazette of India,
status in Europe and US. Patenting by research students, lecturers and scientists-
University/organizational rules in India and abroad, credit sharing by workers, financial incentives
Patent infringement- meaning, scope, litigation, case studies and examples
Unit 3 Biosafety: Introduction; Historical Backround; Introduction to Biological Safety Cabinets;
Primary Containment for Biohazards; Biosafety Levels; Biosafety Levels of Specific
Microorganisms; Recommended Biosafety Levels for Infectious Agents and Infected Animals;
Biosafety guidelines - Government of India; Definition of GMOs& LMOs; Roles of Institutional
Biosafety Committee, RCGM, GEAC etc. for GMO applications in food and agriculture;
Environmental release of GMOs; Risk Analysis; Risk Assessment; Risk management and
communication; Overview of National Regulations and relevant International Agreements including
Cartagena Protocol.
Unit 4 Bioethics : Introduction and need of bioethics, its relation with other branches, types of risk
associated with genetically modified microorganisms, Ethical Issues involving GMOs; ethics related
to human cloning, human genome project, prenatal diagnosis, agriculture and animal rights, data
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Syllabus 2019 - 2022
privacy of citizens health; ethical issues in India and abroad through case studies; Socio-economic
impact of biotechnology.
References:
1. Sateesh, M.K.; (2008). Bioethics and Biosafety, IK International Publishers
2. Singh I. and Kaur, B., (2006). Patent law and Entrepreneurship, Kalyani Publishers
3. Srinivasan, K. and Awasthi, H.K., (1997) Law of Patents, Jain Book Agency
4. Narayan, P., (1975). Patent Law, Eastern Law House
5. Jonathan, Y.R., (2005). Anthology of Biosafety (Vols. 1-4), American Biological Safety
Association
6. Encyclopedia of Ethical, Legal and Policy issues in Biotechnology, John Wiley & Sons Inc.
(2005).
Important Links
http://www.w3.org/IPR/
http://www.wipo.int/portal/index.html.en
http://www.ipr.co.uk/IP_conventions/patent_cooperation_treaty.html
www.patentoffice.nic.in
www.iprlawindia.org/ - 31k - Cached - Similar page
http://www.cbd.int/biosafety/background.shtml
http://www.cdc.gov/OD/ohs/symp5/jyrtext.htm
http://web.princeton.edu/sites/ehs/biosafety/biosafetypage/section3.html
20-306-2217IDE Bio-nanotechnology (ID Elective; 2 Credits)
Course Description
Bionanotechnology is the study of biology, in particular biological machines, and the application of
biological building blocks to solve engineering challenges and create new areas of technological
development. Learning about the structure and function of the inner workings of biological systems
such as cells, bacteria and viruses has been used to improve existing applications of nanotechnology
and to develop entirely new applications. Examples of bionanotechnological study include:
mechanical properties of materials, such as cell interaction with surfaces, nanopatterns and
nanoparticles, electrical and optical effects, such as electrical stimulation, energy storage, absorption,
luminescence and fluorescence; and computing via chemical wet computers and DNA computing.
Course Objectives
This module provides an introduction to the theory and practice of bionanotechnology, and the
challenges of commercializing new technologies. It covers the types of macromolecules which form
the building blocks of life, covering cell components such as DNA and proteins, describing how they
are synthesized, interact and the role they play in cells. The structure and forms of the different
molecules and the process by which they are constructed and how they exchange information will be
framed within the context of the operation of machines and the potential engineering uses that the
naturally occurring mechanisms can be put to.
Learning Outcome
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School of Environmental Studies, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin
Syllabus 2019 - 2022
Having successfully completed this module, the student will be able to:
Course Outcome [CO]
Cognitive Level
CO1: Understand the knowledge of the principles and concepts
associated with bionanotechnology
Understand
CO2: Know the basics of biomolecules and biomolecular interactions
Understand
CO3: Understand relationship between molecular mynamics,
nanoscale physics and macroscopic system behavior
Understand
CO4: Explain biophysical mechanisms in the context of
bionanotechnology application areas
Apply
CO5: Analyse and discuss the engineering requirements of
multidisciplinary technology based on biology
Analyze
SYLLABUS
Unit 1 The Quest for Nanotechnology: Introduction; Biotechnology and the Two-Week Revolution;
From Biotechnology to Bio-nanotechnology; What is Bio-nanotechnology ?. Bio-nanomachines in
Action: The Unfamiliar world of Bio-nanomachines; Modern Biomaterials; The legacy of Evolution;
Guided Tour of National Bio-nanotechnology.
Unit 2 Biomolecular Design and Biotechnology: Recombinant DNA Technology; Biomolecular
Structure Determination - X-ray crystallography, NMR spectroscopy, Electron microscopy, Atomic
force microscopy; Molecular Modeling - computer-assisted molecular design.
Unit 3 Structural Principle of Bio-nanotechnology: Design of Natural Bio-nanomachinery;
Construction of Nanomachines; The raw materials; Protein folding; self-assembly; self-organization;
Molecular recognition; Flexibility.
Unit 4 Functional Principles of Bio-nanotechnology: Information - Driven nanoassembly;
Energetics; Chemical Transformation; Regulation; Biomaterials, Biomolecular Motors; Traffic Across
membranes; Biomolecular sensing; self-replication; Machine - Phase Bio-nanotechnology.
Unit 5: Bio-nanotechnology Today Basic capabilities; Nanomedicine Today; Self-Assembly at
Many scales; Harnessing Molecular Motors; DNA computers; Molecular Design using Biological
selection; Artificial life; Hybrid Materials, Biosensors. The Future of Bio-nanotechnology: Ethical
Considerations; Respect for life; potential dangers; Final Thoughts.
Refferences:
1. David S. G.; (2004). “Bionanotechnology: Lessons from Nature”. Wiley-Liss, Inc. ISBN: 0-
471-41719-X
2. Elisabeth, S.; Aravind P.; (2007). “Bionanotechnology”. Morgan and Claypool Publishers,
ISBN: 1598291386.
3. David E. R.; (2009). “Bionanotechnology- Global Prospects, CRC Press, Taylor & Francis
group, Boca Raton. ISBN: 978-0-8493-7528-6.
4. Maheshwar Sharon, Madhuri Sharon (2012). “Bionanotechnology”. CRC PressINC, ISBN:
1439852146, 9781439852149.
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Syllabus 2019 - 2022
5. Kirthi R.; (2012). “Nanotechnology Vs Bionanotechnology: Fundamental Concept of
Nanotechnology Vs Bionanotechnology and Their Environmental Implications”. Lambert
Academic Publishing, ISBN: 3848426218, 9783848426218.
6. Vencatesan R.; Randolph V. L.; (2006). “Bionanotechnology: Proteins to Nanodevices,
Springer, ISBN: 1402043759, 9781402043758.
7. Lynn Goldman and Christine Coussens, Implications of nanotechnology for environmental
health research Editors.
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS www.nap.edu.
8. Nanophotonics: Accessibility and Applicability This free PDF can be downloaded from:
http://www.nap.edu/catalog/11907.html
9. K. Eric Drexler - The Coming Era of Nanotechnology. This free PDF can be
downloaded from: Http://www.foresight.org/EOC/index.html
Article reference
1. Richard P. Feynman, Transcript of speech: "There's plenty of room at the
bottom" (1959) http://www.zyvex.com/nanotech/feynman.html
SEMESTER III
02-306-2301 Chemistry of Water and Wastewater Treatment (Theory, Core; 3 Credits)
Course Description
Environmental chemistry theories, principles and practices followed through the preceding
learning sessions has to be implemented in solving the real problems existing in the society
and industry as well as for the innovations. In this regard, this course is designed to orient the
students to real problems related to water and wastewater processing industries in various
aspects and dimensions- identification, testing, evaluating and innovating solutions and even
documenting the findings as technical reports to meet professional and statutory obligations.
Course Outcome
Identification and assessment of water quality, interpretation of data, optimization of
treatment procedures, reactor operation and modeling procedures, testing and evaluation of
materials used in water process technology. Incite interest among the students for capacity
building for novelty and innovations in the existing treatment systems they are exposed in
their future professional field based on a strong foundation of environmental, analytical and
applied chemistry for meeting the need of the public, industry and government statutory
organizations.
Learning outcome
After the completion of the course, the students will be able to:
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School of Environmental Studies, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin
Syllabus 2019 - 2022
Course Outcome (CO)
Cognitive Level
CO1: Understand basics of water and wastewater chemistry, role
of a hydro-analytical chemist, testing and analysis protocols and
classification methods.
Apply
CO2: Water quality data analysis and interpretations for fixing
the quality issues of the water treatment process industry with
respect to source, process and product water.
Apply
CO3: Decision of the required treatment for solving the problem
based the evaluation of the quality parameters and profile based
on hydro geochemical perspective using the engineering
principles
Apply
CO4: Test ing and evaluation of water based on hydro analytical
data and materials for tertiary treatment using principles of
adsorption engineering and isotherm models.
Create
CO5: Additional higher level of deliberation of the technicality
of hydro analytical issues of water processing industries through
practices to come out with creating suggestions can be reported as
publications in standard journals and documents to statutory
organizations, industry, courts and governments.
Create
Assessment Pattern
Category
Continuous assessment tests
Examination
1
2
3
Remember
-
-
-
-
Understand
20
20
20
60
Apply
20
20
20
40
Analyse
30
30
30
30
Evaluate
30
30
30
30
Create
-
-
-
-
Course level Assessment Questions
Course Outcome 1:
1. What is a NBDOC?
2. Define Corrosion?
3. How is pitting of iron pipes occurs?
3. What are pH- pE diagrams?
Course Outcome 2:
1. What is meant by DBU?
2. What are the different fractions of P?
3. What is meant by Oxygen- Sag models?
Course Outcome 3:
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School of Environmental Studies, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin
Syllabus 2019 - 2022
1. How will you select a porous material for adsorption treatment of water?
2. How isotherm models are classified based on data structure?.
3. Describe the analysis protocol for the testing the drinking water as per BIS standars.
4. Explain the with suitable equations the corrosion chemistry of Iron in water.
Course Outcome 4:
1. Substantiate the kinetics of aeration has a strong influence in treating iron bearing water.
2. Implement the procedures for river modelling
3. How will you determine the porosity and surface area of a carbon material for water treatment
Course Outcome 5:
1. Discuss the Corrosion index and Langelier Saturation index
2. Discribe the corrosion chemistry of Zn and Pb in natural water
3. What are Caldwell- Lawrence diagram.
4. Describe the procedures and methods to be followed if you are directed by honourable NGT to
conduct pollution problem study of a prominent river (Periyar/ Perar) of Kerala. How will you make
the draft report?
5. Discuss the significant features of Langmuir, John and John- Sivanandan Achari isotherm models.
SYLLABUS
Unit 1 Water and Best Use: Classification of water based on origin. Designated Best Use (DBU)
based classifications. Analytical instrumentations and testing protocols for groundwater , drinking
water and wastewater using TOC Analyser, AAS, HPLC, ICP-MS for determinations. Water Quality
Data- interpretations and report writing as per CPCB, BIS &WHO standards. Water quality
monitoring programs- reported case studies. River & Lake monitoring protocols and modeling
procedures, soil column compartments.
Unit 2 Water Quality Parameters : TS and DS distribution, DO, COD fractions, concept and tests,
fractions of N, P, TOC, DOC, BDOC and NBDOC, rationale in setting aesthetic and toxicity criteria),
Water Quality index and sample calculations. Water quality analysis, data profile and interpretation-
water quality indices. Statistical methods for stratum based analysis of field samples- wastewater,
surface water and groundwater.
Unit 3 Water Type, Classification and Hydrogeochemistry: Aquatic ecosystem, DO uptake and
saturation problems; - oxygen transfer by reaeration, analysis of DO sag, DO sag models and kinetics.
Groundwater classification; analyses, hardness types, salinity, SAR, ion-exchange, reverse ion
exchange, Hill - Piper - Trilinear plots. BIS and WHO standards of drinking water- analysis and
finding solutions for quality improvement using field samples- dugwells, borewells, industries and
public.
Unit 4 Chemistry of Water Stabilization and Tertiary Treatments: pE- pH diagrams and their
applications, electrochemical aspects of corrosion, immunity, passivation and protection, corrosion
chemistry of Fe, Cu, Pb and Zn, Langelier Saturation Index. Caldwell -Lawrence Diagram- its
application. Analysis of wastewater and effluent water of selected industries. Tertiary treatment
techniques- adsorption methods, isotherm models and kinetics. Model adsorption reactor systems and
optimizations, determination of model parameters- Freundlich, Langmuir, BET, D-R, John, John-
Sivanandan Achari isotherms. Determination of porosity and surface area of porous materials used in
tertiary treatment reactor systems.
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Syllabus 2019 - 2022
Unit 5 Chemistry of Corrosion and its Removal in Processing Industries: Electrochemical
aspects of corrosion coupon test and electrochemical evaluation of corrosivity, Corrosion inhibition –
chemical inhibitors, sacrificial anodes, impressed current techniques. Redox techniques- removal of
iron, manganese and chromate. Removal of fluoride and phosphate. Treatment, monitoring and
process optimisation, reporting, preparation of proposals and documentation- case studies.
References
1. Chin, D. A.; (2000). “Water Resources Engineering”. ISBN 0-201-35091-2, Prentice- Hall,
New Jersey.
2. Tebbutt, T. H. Y.; (2004). “Priciples of water quality control”. 6
th
Edition, ISBN 0 7506 3658
0, Buttorworth-Heinemann.
3. Metcaff and Eddy (1991). Waste Water Engineering Third Edition, Tata McGraw-Hill, New
Delhi.
4. W. W. Eckenfelder, Jr. (1980). Principles of Water Quality Management, CBN Publishing
Co Boston.
5. A. W. Hounslow (1995). Water Quality Data –Analysis and interpretation, Lewis Publishers,
Boca Raton.
6. APHA (2012). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste water 2
st
Centennial Edition, American Public Health Association, Washington DC.
7. Samuel D. Faust (2005). Chemistry of water treatment, Butterworths Publishers, Woburn,
MA.
8. AWWA (1995).Water Quality- Principle and practices of water supply operation series, 2
nd
Edition, American water works association, Denver.
20-306-2302 Environmental Engineering - Paper II (Theory, Core - 2 Credits)
Course Description
In the previous semester, the students have been introduced to the subject of Environmental
Engineering. In continuation of that, more information on this branch of engineering is presented in
this subject. This inter-alia includes some of the basic laws and the unit operations of chemical
engineering which find extensive use in environmental engineering. Details of the engineered systems
for industrial wastewater treatment, air pollution control and solid waste management are also
presented in this subject.
Course Objective
The objective of this subject is to familiarize the students in the basic laws and the unit operations in
chemical engineering which would become useful in studying and solving environment-related
problems. The various techniques employed and the working principles of equipments used for
wastewater treatment, air pollution control and solid waste management will enable the students to
select the appropriate technology and equipment for control of wastewater, air pollution and solid
waste management problems.
Learning outcome
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School of Environmental Studies, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin
Syllabus 2019 - 2022
After the completion of the course, the students will be able to:
Course Outcome (CO)
Cognitive Level
CO1: Understand basics of chemical engineering, role of a chemical
engineer, unit operations in chemical engineering and the basic laws used in
unit operations
Understand
CO2: Explain the unit operations in chemical engineering including fluid
flow, heat transfer, mass transfer, mixing and agitation, filtration and drying
Apply
CO3: Explain the techniques and the equipments used for the physical,
physico-chemical and biological methods adopted for industrial wastewater
Apply
CO4: Explain the methods and processes adopted and the equipments used
for control of particulate matter and gaseous contaminants
Apply
CO5: Explain the engineered systems for collection, transport, treatment and
disposal of solid wastes and hazardous wastes
Apply
Assessment Pattern
Category
Assessment Tests
Examination
1
2
3
Remember
20
20
20
20
Understand
40
40
40
40
Apply
40
40
40
40
Analyse
-
-
-
-
Evaluate
-
-
-
-
Create
-
-
-
-
Course Level Assessment Questions
Course Outcome 1
4. Explain the concept and use of Unit Operations in Chemical Engineering. Briefly explain
some of the commonly used unit operations in process industries.
5. State and explain the Ideal-Gas Law, Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures and Avogadro’s
Hypothesis.
6. Explain the terms Dimensional Equations, Dimensionless Equations and Consistent Units.
Explain the concept of Dimensional Analysis.
Course Outcome 2
1. State Bernoulli’s Equation in fluid flow. Explain each term in the equation with consistent
units assigned to each parameter in the terms.
2. Explain the terms Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient and Logarithmic Mean Temperature
Difference in heat transfer problems.
3. Explain the concepts of Equilibrium Stages and Diffusional Rate Processes used for solving
mass transfer problems.
Course Outcome 3
1. Explain the different unit operations available for the primary treatment of water and
wastewater. Describe the working principle of a sedimentation tank.
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Syllabus 2019 - 2022
2. What is coagulation? Explain the role of coagulants in water and waste water treatment.
Name a few coagulants used.
3. Differentiate between aerobic and anaerobic treatment of wastewater giving the major end
products of treatment. Name and explain one treatment method in each category.
Course Outcome 4
4. What are the groups into which control devices for particulate contaminants are classified?
Briefly describe the working principle of these control devices.
5. Explain the different treatment processes available for control of gaseous contaminants.
Briefly describe the working principle of control devices used.
6. Explain the construction and working principles of wet collectors used for removal of
particulate contaminants and for removal of gaseous contaminants.
Course Outcome 5
4. Explain the various methods commonly used for final disposal of solid wastes in the mantle
of the earth.
5. Describe the methods adopted for control and removal of leachates and gases generated in
landfills formed with solid wastes.
6. Explain the methods adopted for long-term storage of hazardous wastes. What are the
techniques employed for destruction and stabilization of these wastes?
SYLLABUS
Unit 1 Chemical Engineering - Basic Laws, Units & Dimensions : Law of conservation of matter.
Law of conservation of energy. Material balance and energy balance. Molal units. Ideal-gas law.
Dalton’s Law. Avogadro’s Hypothesis. Raoult’s Law. Humidity and saturation. Partial saturation.
Relative saturation, percentage saturation and dew point. Law of motion. Gravitational force, mass
and weight, velocity, acceleration, momentum and force. Newton’s correlation of momentum and
force. Phase concept. Process kinetics. Units and dimensions. Physical quantities. Primary and
secondary quantities. Dimensions and dimensional formulas. Dimensionless equations and consistent
units. Concept of dimensional analysis. Use of dimensional analysis in solving problems in chemical
engineering. Units of measurement. Conversion factors.
Unit 2Chemical Engineering - Unit Operations : Concept of unit operations. Fluid Flow. Flow of
fluid in a pipe. Velocity of flow, laminar flow and turbulent flow, Reynolds Number, Bernoulli’s
Equation, Equivalent lengths and pressure drop for flow through a pipe. Heat Transfer. Mechanism of
heat flow from hot fluid to cold fluid. Generalized equation for heat transfer in a heat exchanger. Log
mean temperature difference and overall heat transfer coefficient. Equipment for heat transfer. Mass
Transfer. Mass transfer operations. Mass transfer coefficients. Equilibrium-stage and diffusional
process methods of solving mass transfer problems. Equipments for mass transfer. Mixing and
agitation. Agitated vessels. Major types of agitators. Filtration. Use of filter aids. Industrial filtration
equipments. Drying. Drying curves. Industrial drying equipments.
Unit 3 Water and Wastewater Treatment: Engineered systems for water and wastewater
treatment. Variations in quality and quantity of wastewater. Volume reduction and flow equalization.
Significance of primary, secondary and tertiary treatment. Primary treatment - Grit removal and
screening. Chemical precipitation. Sedimentation - Flocculent settling, hindered settling and
compression settling. Plain sedimentation and sedimentation aided with coagulation. Flocculation.
Filtration - Gravity and pressure filtration. Dissolved air flotation. Secondary treatment- Suspended
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growth and attached growth aerobic and anaerobic processes. Aerobic processes for oxidation of
carbonaceous matter- Activated sludge process. Trickling filter and biofilter. Rotating biological
contactor. Aerobic ponds. Anaerobic degradation of organic matter – Stages in the anaerobic process.
Anaerobic contact filters. Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor. Tertiary treatment-
Nitrification and denitrification processes. Removal of recalcitrant organics from water and
wastewater. Construction and working principles of equipments for physical, chemical and biological
treatment of wastewater.
Unit 4 Air Pollution Control: Atmospheric cleansing processes. Approaches to air pollution control.
Dilution and control at source. Engineered systems for control of particulate contaminants.
Construction and working principle of equipments used for particulate removal. Gravitational settling
chambers. Centrifugal collectors. Wet collectors. Fabric filters. Electrostatic precipitators. Engineered
systems for gaseous pollution control. Major treatment processes for control of gaseous contaminants.
Adsorption. Absorption. Condensation. Combustion. Construction and working principle of
equipments used for control of gaseous contaminants. Spray towers. Plate towers. Packed towers.
Venturi scrubbers. Condensers. Combustion equipments. Indoor air quality. Vehicular pollution and
automotive emission control. Noise pollution. Sources of noise. Noise control methods.
Unit 5 Solid Waste Management: Engineered systems for solid waste management. On-site
handling, storage and processing, collection, transfer and transport, processing and recovery and final
disposal. Manual component separation. Processing systems. Mechanical volume reduction. Thermal
volume reduction. Processing techniques for resource and energy recovery from solid wastes.
Ultimate disposal of solid wastes. Landfilling methods. Area method. Trench method. Depression
method. Landfarming. Deep-well injection. Hazardous waste handling. Source reduction and control.
Waste exchange, Waste recycling and reuse. Hazardous waste transportation. Hazardous waste
treatment, storage and disposal. Waste destruction methods. Incineration. Wet air oxidation.
Supercritical water oxidation. Waste concentration methods. Solidification and stabilization
technologies.
References
1. Warren, L.; Mc Cabe.; Julian C. S.; Peter H.; (2005). “Unit operations of Chemical
Engineering”. 7
th
Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, New York.
2. Walter, L. B.; Julius T. B.; (1955). “Introduction to Chemical Engineering”. McGraw-Hill
Book Company, New York.
3. Dow, W. G.; and Marylee, Z. S.; (2018).(Ed). “Perry’s Chemical Engineers’ Handbook”. 9
th
edition. McGraw-Hill Education, New York.
4. Olaf, A. H.; Kenneth M. W.; Roland, A. R.; (2004). “Chemical Process Principles”. 2
nd
Edition. Asia Publishing House, Mumbai.
5. Mee, A.J.; (1980).“Physical Chemistry”.The English Language Book Society & Heinemann
Educational Books Ltd.
6. Tchobanoglous, G.; Burton, F. L.; Stensel, H. D.; (2003). “Wastewater Engineering:
Treatment and Reuse”. 4
th
Edition. Metcalf and Eddy Inc., New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
7. Howard S. P.; Donald R. R.; George, T.;( 2013). “Environmental Engineering”. McGraw-Hill
Education (India) Pvt. Ltd, Chennai.
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Syllabus 2019 - 2022
8. David, H.F.; Liu, B G.; Liptak, P. A.; Bouis.;1997. “Environmental Engineer’s Handbook”.
Lewis Publishers, New York, 1997.
9. Garg, S .K.; (2010). “Water Supply Engineering”. Khanna Publishers, New Delhi,
20-306-2303 Biodiversity and Conservation (Theory, Core- 2 Credits)
Course Description
Biodiversity, or the variety and variation among living organisms and the ecological complexes in
which they occur, is key to the sustained existence of life. Yet, worldwide trends show that
biodiversity is diminishing at an unprecedented rate. This course will set forth the concept of
biodiversity, explain its complexity and functions, explore how its disappearance threatens all of us,
and examine strategies and methods for its conservation.
Course Objectives
To gain an understanding of(1) status of the planet’s biological diversity, value of biodiversity and
drivers of its loss (2)basic concepts and scientific principles of conservation and global patterns in
biodiversity(3)Current efforts to conserve biodiversity on global, national and local scales.
Course Outcomes (CO)
Upon successful completion of this course, students will have the knowledge and skills to:
Course outcomes [CO]
Cognitive Level
CO1:To understand the concepts, types, vulnerability and
threats to biodiversity, global estimates of species loss
Understand
CO2: To gain sound knowledge and apply management
principles and tools to conserve diversity at levels from
genes to landscapes. To understand the
International/National policies and conservation strategies
presently adopted.
Understand and
analyse
CO3: Understand the concepts of restoration ecology. To
understand the types of restoration- and to analyze the
general approaches followed for the restoration of different
ecosystems and to study the social approaches to
conservation and restoration.
Understand, analyse
and apply
CO4: To understand the practical valuation of Biodiversity,
tools for biodiversity valuation and approaches.
Understand, analyse
and apply
CO5: To understand the Biodiversity profile of India and
National Biodiversity Action Plan
Understand and
analyse, apply
Assessment Pattern:
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School of Environmental Studies, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin
Syllabus 2019 - 2022
Bloom’s
category
Continuous
assessment tests
Terminal
Examination
1
2
3
Remember
-
-
-
-
Understand
50
50
50
50
Apply
10
10
10
10
Analyse
40
40
40
40
Evaluate
-
-
-
-
Create
-
-
-
-
Course level assessment questions:
Course Outcome 1:
1. Describe the relationship of biodiversity with ecosystem functioning.
2. Discuss the idea that ecosystem may collapse if they lose some of their species.
3. What are the steps taken to preserve biodiversity and its hotspots in India
Course Outcome 2:
1. What is IPR? Explain about ownership of traditional knowledge.
2. Why India has been traditionally one of the targets of biopiracy
3. Describe the methods of conservation of genetic and species diversity
4. Write an account on convention on biodiversity and its two supplementary agreements
Course Outcome 3:
1. Why is restoration ecology important?
2. Describe the drivers and dynamics of changes in diversity
3. Define wetland, elaborate on their distribution and ecological status in India
Course Outcome 4:
1. Explain the biodiversity valuation tools
2. Discuss Biodiversity as a natural and biological capital of Earth
3. Give an account on ‘Remote sensing and biodiversity assessment’?
Course Outcome 5:
1. Explain the role of sacred groves in biodiversity conservation and describe the present
status of sacred groves in Kerala
2. What is the outcome of Silent valley movement?
3. What is the impact of Vana Samrakshana Samithi (VSS) in forest development activities
SYLLABUS
Unit 1 Biodiversity inventory: Definition and Basic concepts of biodiversity, types and importance
of biodiversity, concept and basis of identification of hotspots; hotspots in India. Vegetation
inventory-ecological sampling. Animal population estimates. Species diversity estimates. Threats to
biodiversity -Habitat loss, invasive species, overexploitation, disturbance and pollution, climate
change. Vulnerability of species to extinction; extinction of local populations- habitat fragmentation
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Syllabus 2019 - 2022
and population size, factors affecting population decline. Global estimates of species loss. IUCN red
list categories, molecular taxonomy and diversity conservation.
Unit 2 Conservation of biodiversity: Techniques of conservation - in- situ conservation(approaches
in in-situ conservation, protected areas),ex- situ conservation(captive breeding and release programs,
zoos and botanical gardens, gene banks, concept of gene pool, biopyracy and bioprospective); in-vitro
conversation; conservation of genetic resource and microbial diversity. International/National policies
and conservation strategies; role of MAB, IUCN, Intellectual property rights-TRIPS, role of
Indigenous knowledge systems(IKS).
Unit 3 Restoration of Ecosystems: Concept of restoration ecology. Types of restoration - passive
and active. General approach to population restoration; diversity in introduced population. Steps
towards restoring terrestrial ecosystems. Restoration of river, lake and wetland. Social approaches to
conservation and restoration-sacred groves, people’s movements, community biodiversity registers;
extinct, rare, endangered and threatened flora and fauna of India.
Unit 4 Valuation of Biodiversity : Values of biodiversity - direct use value, indirect use value, non-
use value. Valuation tools - Market price approach- observed market prices, productivity method,
cost-based methods; Revealed preference approach -travel cost method, hedonic pricing ; Stated
preference approach - contingent valuation method, benefits transfer method.
Unit 5 Biodiversity profile of India: Biogeographic zones of India; hot spots in India. Wetlands,
forests, marine environment and mangroves of India in terms of distribution, diversity of flora and
fauna. Protected areas – biosphere reserves, National parks, wild life sanctuaries; Sacred groves in
India The wildlife(Protection) Act, 1972, The National forest policy 1988, The Biological Diversity
Act 2002. National Biodiversity Action Plan.
References
1. Maiti P.K.; Maiti, P.; (2011). “Biodiversity- Perception, Peril and Preservation”. PHI Learning.
New Delhi
2. Van, D F.; 2008. “Conservation Biology”. Springer, USA
3. Krishnamurthy, K.V.; (2003). “Advanced text book on Biodiversity”. Oxford & IBH, New
Delhi
4. Promack, R.B.; (2002). “Essentials of Conservation Biology’. Sinauer, USA
5. Gaston K.J.; Spicer, J.; (2004). “Biodiversity an Introduction”. Blackwell Publs.UK
6. Primack, R. B.; Anna S.; (2016). “Introduction to Conservation Biology”. Sinauer Associates,
Incorporated, Publishers.
7. Jase, F.; (2017). “Biodiversity: An Introduction”. Larsen and Keller Education. ISBN: 978-
1635490428
8. Peter, S.; (2015). “Ecology: Global Insights & Investigations” 2
nd
Edition. McGraw-Hill
international edition
9. Krishnamurthy, K.V.; (2003). “An Advanced Textbook on Biodiversity- Principles and
Practice”. Oxford and IBH Publishing, New Delhi.
10. Singh, J.S.; Singh, S.P.; Gupta, S.R.; (2014). “Ecology, Environmental Science and
Conservation”. 4
th
Edition. S. Chand & Company Pvt. Ltd.
11. Primack, R. B.; (2012). “A Primer of Conservation Biology”. Sinauer Associates is an imprint
of Oxford University Press; 5 edition.
12. Anne, E. M.; Brian J. McGill.; (2011). “Biological Diversity: Frontiers in Measurement
and Assessment”. Oxford University Press. ISBN: 978-0199580675
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20-306- 2304- Applied Eco-toxicology (Theory, Core -1 Credit)
Course Description
The course provides knowledge on the ecosystem principles, functional components of ecosystem,
estimation of ecological effects, ecotoxicity and ecosystem evaluation. The course applied
ecotoxicology is designed to provide an overall understanding of application of ecological and
toxicological principles for ecotoxicological studies. The course gives knowledge on assessing the
sensitivity of ecological components and ecosystem towards environmental chemicals.
Course Objective
The goal of the course is to introduce the students to the field of toxicology, ecology and chemistry
for the estimation of ecotoxicological properties in detecting the contamination in the environmental
systems. The main objective of this course is to provide a basic knowledge of model application in
prediction of ecological and toxicological effects. The course highlights the importance of health risk
assessment, ecological risk assessment and epidemiological survey mechanisms to check the exposure
limits of the contaminants in the environmental systems.
Learning Outcomes:
On the successful completion of the course, students will be able to
Course Outcome (CO)
Cognitive Level
CO1 : Explain the principles of ecosystem for the
prediction of ecological effects
Understand
CO2 : Identity and classify the toxicants in the
Environmental systems
Apply
CO3: Analyse the various options for the evaluation
of ecotoxicological effects
Apply
CO4: Choose the toxicity testing programme for the
evaluation of risk of a contaminant in the
environment.
Apply
CO5: Suggest remediation measures for the
contaminated sites.
Analyse
Assessment Pattern:
Category
Continuous assessment tests
Terminal examinations
1
2
3
Remember
-
-
-
-
Understand
40
40
40
40
Apply
30
30
30
30
Analyse
30
30
30
30
Evaluate
-
-
-
-
Create
-
-
-
-
Course Level Assessment Questions:
Course Outcome 1: (CO1)
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Syllabus 2019 - 2022
1. Explain the role of ecosystem principles for toxicity evaluation
2. Explain the current need for ecotoxicological studies.
3. Describe partitioning mechanism and biomodels application in toxicity studies.
Course Outcome 2:
1. Estimate the concentration of the heavy metals in the contaminated soils.
2. Derive data from a contaminated site by field visit and observations.
Course Outcome 3:
1. Identify the Ecotoxicological problem and find out the remedial measures to decontaminate
the contaminated site.
SYLLABUS
Unit 1 Introduction to ecotoxicology: Historical and current need for ecotoxicological studies -
ecotoxicology and ecosystem- sensitivity of ecosystem and ecotone- Ecosystem principles for
ecotoxicological analysis- ecosystem structure and function-estimation of ecological properties-
octanol-water partition coefficient-Henry’s Law constant- water solubility- ecotoxicology and
modelling-features- classification- model application in Ecotoxicology- Biomodels- Models of
bioaccumulation and bioavailability-process oriented description of toxic effects- EC
50
, LC
50
and
gradient- Toxicity patterns-Dynamic energy budgets- toxicokinetics- Toxico dynamics- prediction of
ecological effects.
Unit 2 Toxicants in the environment: Heavy metals- Cd, Hg, Pb, inorganic toxicants- sulphur
oxides, nitrogen oxides, CO, ozone, industrial chemicals- petrochemicals, toxic byproducts-
conversion products-refractory chemicals-DDT and DDE, chlorinated alicyclics- chlorinated dioxins,
poly chlorinated bi phenyls-phthalate esters, asbestos- paints- surfactants- carbamates-PAN- hydrogen
sulphide- chlorine- biotoxins-alkaloids- toxic glycosides- plant phenolics- clostridium toxins-
staphylococcal toxins- entero toxins- myco toxins- algal toxins- acute and accumulative poisons-
corrosives- detergents and solid wastes.
Unit 3 Cell toxicology : Cells and tissue profiles to chemical stress- cellular response and cell
toxicology-Route of Entry into the cell- Interaction with membrane process-Intracellular fate of
chemicals- Intra cellular receptors- Interaction with molecular structures and functions- protective
molecules and processes- necrosis and Apoptosis- DNA damage- chromatids and chromosomes-
cancer- carcinogenesis- sequestration and accumulation- cellular materials as evidence of toxicant
damage- functions of cell toxicology and Ecotoxicology. Bioaccumulation-uptake- biotransformation
and detoxification- metals and metalloids- organic compounds- elimination- elimination mechanisms-
modelling elimination- Factors influencing bioaccumulation- bioavailability- chemical entities
influencing bioavailability- accumulation indicators- reaction indicators.
Unit 4 Ecosystem health and ecotoxicology: Prolonged and chronic toxicity for aquatic organisms-
fish prolonged toxicity tests -fish toxicity test on egg and sac fry stages -chronic test for fish - algal
inhibition tests- Molecular mode of action analysis of compound toxicity- Biochemical background
and modes of toxication- specimen banking as an environmental surveillance tool -Indicator
populations- Lacustrine communities and indicators of stress- ecosystem process and food chain
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School of Environmental Studies, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin
Syllabus 2019 - 2022
magnification as ecosystem stress.Population toxicology- the need for population ecotoxicology-
toxicant effect on population size and dynamics-simple populations models- foundation models
describing diseased populations- infectious disease and toxicants exposed populations- the study of
disease in populations- Environmental Epidemiology-risk assessment- modelling in risk assessment-
Ecological risk assessment of chemicals- legislative prospective in ecological risk assessment in
environmental management- Human health risk assessment
Unit 5 Genetic ecotoxicology: Free radicals- biomarkers- biosensors- molecular markers- endocrine
disruptors- DNA markers- protein induction- Antioxidant defence system- effects of heavy metals in
plants at the cellular and organism level. Endpoints and threshold in ecotoxicology- Terrestrial
ecotoxicology- community ecotoxicology- ecotoxicology of air pollutants- toxicant and community-
the response of communities to contaminants- biological integrity- biotic Indices- Biological balance
and species turn over- the role of key species in the community. Effects of climate change on
terrestrial, aquatic and marine ecosystem- effects of contaminant exposure on feeding habits of
animals- ecological redundancy and resilience in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Safe Handling of
chemicals (Organic compounds, Biological materials, Allergens- Pharmaceuticals- Radio nuclides-
Good laboratory practises- storage, Reagents, Preparation, Biological Fluids, Gases, Equipment)-
Interactions between Hazard ,Risk, Safety and Benefits. Substances of clinical and Medico Legal
Interest (Alcohols and Glycols- Amphetamines- and related drugs of Abuse- Cannabis- Carbon
monoxide- chlorophenoxy pesticides- cocaine- cyanide- Metals and Metalloids .
References
1. Jorgenson, S.E.; Halling S, B.; Mahler, H.; (1998). “Handbook of Estimation Methods in
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Chemistry”. Lewis publishers, CRC press, LLC Boca
Raton.
2. Jorgensen, S.E.; (1994). “Fundamentals of Ecological Modelling”. Elsevier Science B.V.,
Amsterdam.
3. Jorgensen, S.E.; Nielsen S.N.; Jorgensen, L.A.; (1991). “Handbook of Ecological parameters
and Ecotoxicology”. Elsevier science Publishers B.V., Amsterdam.
4. Moriarty F.; (1998). “Ecotoxicology. The Study of Pollutants in Ecosystems”. Academic Press
Ltd., London.
5. Newman, M.C.; Jagoe, C.H.; (Ed) (1996). “Ecotoxicology ; A Hierarchial Treatment”. CRC
Press Inc. Lewis publishers, Boca raton.
6. Richardson, M.; (Ed) (1995). “Environmental Toxicology Assessment”. Taylor and Francis Ltd
., London.
7. Schuurmann, G.; Markert, B.; (Ed) (1998). “Ecotoxicology; Ecological Fundamentals,
Chemical Exposure and Biological Effects”. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. and Spectrum
Akademischer Verlag, New York and Hidelberg.
20-306- 2305 Environmental Impact and Risk Assessment (Theory, Core- 1 Credit)
Course Description
Risk assessment and environmental impact assessment have developed as separate traditions. While
environmental impact assessment is a broad field that includes all activities that attempt to analyze
and evaluate the effects of human and related actions on the environment, risk assessment has been
concerned with the relatively well-defined regulatory problems and employs formal quantitative
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School of Environmental Studies, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin
Syllabus 2019 - 2022
analysis of the probability of specific undesired events, such as cancer. Risk analytic approaches,
particularly the explicit treatment of uncertainty, can significantly contribute to environmental
assessments.
Course Objective
To expose the students to the need, methodology, documentation and application of Environmental
Impact Assessment and to develop the skill to prepare Environmental Management Plan.
Learning Outcome
On the successful completion of the course, students will be able to
Course Outcome [CO]
Cognitive Level
CO1: Understand the necessity to study the impacts and risks that will be
caused by projects or industries and the methods to overcome these
impacts
Understand
CO2: Describe the legal requirements of environmental and risk
assessment for projects
Understand
CO3: Prepare terms of reference for environmental impact and
socioeconomic impact for any developmental project
Apply
CO4: Prepare environmental management plan and risk mitigation plan
by considering environmental aspects, impacts and potential hazards
respectively for any project
Apply
Assessment Pattern:
Bloom’s
category
Continuous assessment
tests
Terminal
Examination
1
2
3
Remember
10
10
10
-
Understand
50
50
50
60
Apply
40
40
40
40
Analyse
-
-
-
-
Evaluate
-
-
-
-
Create
-
-
-
-
Course Level Assessment Questions:
Course Outcome 1:
1. Discuss the role of Public Participation in Environmental Decision Making.
2. EIA is an effective management tool: comment
3. Explain the various methodologies adapted for prediction of impacts for EIA report.
Course Outcome 2:
1. Explain the legal framework for getting environment clearance for new projects.
2. Describe the procedure for conducting the public hearing as per EIA notification 2006.
3. Explain the legal framework for handling hazardous waste generated from any industry.
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School of Environmental Studies, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin
Syllabus 2019 - 2022
Course Outcome 3:
1. Prepare terms of reference for coal based Thermal Power Plant having a capacity of 2x330
MW which is located at Nagapattinam district.
2. In Madurai it is propose to develop a CETP for 20 Electroplating units. Identify the
potential impacts of the project and prescribe suitable terms of reference for the project.
3. It is proposed to construct a large hydro-electric power project at the foot hills of
Varusanaadu. Prepare terms of reference for the socio-economic impacts.
Course Outcome 4:
1. Pudur is a town located along the OMR road. It is proposed to construct 6000 No. of
residential houses in that area. Identify the potential impacts of the project and suggest a
management plan to mitigate them.
2. Sabarimalai is a pilgrimage town located in Kerala state. It is proposed to develop a
Greenfield airport project for the capacity to handle six new generation large aircraft.
Identify the potential impacts of the project and suggest a management plan to mitigate
them.
3. 3. Prepare risk assessment report for a stand-alone distillery unit having a capacity of 50
klpd. The raw material is sugarcane based molasses. Identify the potential impacts and
prepare mitigation plan for the same.
SYLLABUS
Unit 1 Basic Fundamentals: Historical Development of Environmental Impact Assessment-EIA in
Project Cycle-Legal and Regulatory Aspects in India-Types and Limitations of EIA-Cross Sectoral
Issues and terms of references in EIA.
Unit 2 Components of EIA and Methodology: EIA Process-Screening and Scoping-
PublicParticipation in EIA-Mitigation. Methods for Environmental Assessment Matrices&Networks-
Checklists-Cost Benefit Analysis-Analysis of Alternative-Software Packages for EIA and Expert
Systems in EIA.
Unit 3 Prediction and Socio-economic impact assessment: Prediction tools for EIA-Mathematical
modeling for impact Prediction-Assessment of Impacts on Air and Water-Assessment of Impacts on
Soil and Noise -Assessment of Impacts on Biological Community-Cumulative Impact Assessment-
Documentation of EIA Findings &Report Preparation.
Definition of Social Impact Assessment-Social Impact Assessment model and the -planning
processRelationship between social impacts and change in community and institutional
Arrangements-Individual and family level impacts -Communities in transition.
Unit 4 Environmental Management Plan and risk assessment: Environmental Management Plan -
Preparation and implementation and Rehabilitation Plans-Policy and guidelines for planning and
monitoring programmes-Post Project Audit-Ethical and Quality aspects of Environmental Impact
Assessment-case studies. Environmental risk assessment framework-Hazard identification-Dose
Response Evaluation- Exposure Assessment- Exposure Factors, Tools for Environmental Risk
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School of Environmental Studies, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin
Syllabus 2019 - 2022
Assessment-HAZOP and FEMA methods- Event tree, fault tree and MCACA - Risk Characterization
Risk communication - Emergency Preparedness Plans-Design of risk management programs.
References:
1. Canter, L.W.; (1996). “Environmental Impact Assessment”. McGraw Hill, New York,
2. Lawrence, D.P.; (2003). “Environmental Impact Assessment - Practical Solutions to recurrent
problems”, Wiley-Interscience, New Jersey,
3. Petts, J.; (1999). “Handbook of Environmental Impact Assessment”, Vol., I and II, Blackwell
Science, London,
4. EIA,World Bank - Source Book on EIA.
5. Barthwal, R.R.; (2012). “Environmental Impact Assessment”. New Age International Private
Limited; 2
nd
Edition.
6. Anji, R M.; (2017). “Environmental Impact Assessment”. Butterworth-Heinemann.
7. Glasson. J.; (2019). “Introduction To Environmental Impact Assessment” 5
th
Edition, Taylor
and Francis.
8. Salim M,; Zobaidul, K.; (2018). “Evaluating Environmental and Social Impact Assessment in
Developing Countries”. Elsevier.
9. Dr. Y. R. M Rao.; Dr. N. S. Raman.; (2018). “Environmental Impact Assessment”. Laxmi
Publications Pvt Ltd,
20-306-2306 Bioremediation (Theory, Core - 3 Credits)
Course Description
With the rising population of the world and daily life demands supplied through industries and
modern industrialized agricultural systems, the need for preservation of ecosystems is increasingly
revealed. The repeated occurrence of the calamities such as wars, earthquakes, and tsunamis are
additional reasons that necessitate further attention to the cleaning of the polluted and/disrupted
ecosystems. One of the most economical and stable approaches to cope with this vital task is the use
of the techniques developed through progresses in an interdisciplinary science, bioremediation.
Bioremediation as a branch of environmental biotechnology takes advantage of various living
organisms including bacteria, fungi, algae, and plants in order to remediate the contaminated
ecosystems.
Course Objectives:
The purpose of this course is to introduce the underlying biogeochemical concepts pertinent to
remediation of soil and groundwater, and describe how systems can be successfully engineered to
support/promote remediation with an emphasis on bioremediation. Bioremediation is an increasingly
utilized remediation technology that employs biological agents (microorganisms and plants) to treat
hazardous contaminants in soil, and water; can lead to the permanent removal of contaminants from
the environment; and may be inexpensive when compared to conventional techniques. It is a highly
multidisciplinary, evolving technology that encompasses microbiology; chemical, civil, and
environmental engineering; and environmental, soil, and analytical chemistry.
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School of Environmental Studies, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin
Syllabus 2019 - 2022
Student Learning Outcome:
On the successful completion of the course, students will be able to,
Course Outcome [CO]
Cognitive Level
CO1: learn the basics of Bioremediation techniques and its importance
through case studies, laboratory demonstrations, and field studies.
Remember
CO2: Describe the principles of various physical and chemical
remediation technologies and relate selection of these technologies to the
properties of contaminants.
Understand
CO3: Explain how to apply culturable and non-culturable techniques for
bioassessment and biotreatability studies.
Understand
CO4: Determine what is needed for site characterization, explain the
relevance to selection of appropriate remediation strategies and determine
when bioremediation is an appropriate technology and its advantages and
limitations.
Apply
CO5: Describe the interactions between contaminants, soil and presence
of a NAPL phase, water and microorganisms and explain how these
impact the fate of the contaminant and its bioavailability for
biodegradation.
Understand
CO6: Have knowledge of the impacts of contaminant characteristics to
bioremediation process and describe the biodegradation of specific
contaminants such as linear alkanes, BTEXs, PAHs, and chlorinated
compounds such as PCE and PCBs.
Understand
CO7: Learn Phytoremediation techniques and understand various cellular
mechanisms of contaminant uptake and detoxification.
Understand
SYLLABUS
Unit 1 Introduction to Bioremediation: An emerging clean-up technology; Bioremediation as an
option to treat contaminated soils and ground water. Advantages and disadvantages of bioremediation
compared to nonbiological processes; bioremediation feasibility studies; microbial site
characterization; laboratory biotreatability studies and protocols; bioremediation monitoring and
evaluation; types of bioremediation; intrinsic and accelerated bioremediation; case studies; advantages
and disadvantages of bioremediation; future prospects for bioremediation.
Unit 2 Bioremediation, Biotransformation and Biodegradation: Use of microbes (bacteria and
fungi) and plants in biodegradation and Biotransformation. microbial metabolism; factors affecting
microbial activity (choice of electron acceptor, toxicity of pollutant, C/N/P ratio, co-substrates, soil
humidity, pH and temperature); In situ and Ex situ bioremediation; mineralization vs. partial
degradation; Biodegradation; Factors affecting process of biodegradation; Methods in determining
biodegradability; Contaminant availability for biodegradation. Bioremediation of VOCs.
Biodegradation of specific contaminants (e.g. diesel fuel, polychlorinated biphenyls, dyestuffs,
aromatic and polyaromatic hydrocarbons). Xenobiotics; Persistence and biomagnification of
xenobiotic molecules; Microbial interactions with xenobiotics; Bioremediation of plastic waste.
Unit 3 Heavy metal and oil spill bioremediation : Sources of heavy metal pollution; Microbial
interactions with inorganic pollutants - Microbial metal resistance; Microbial transformation;
Accumulation and concentration of metals; Biosorption - Biotechnology and heavy metal pollution;
Oil field microbiology; Improved oil recovery; Biotechnology and oil spills; Bioremediation in
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Syllabus 2019 - 2022
marine and estuarine systems: factors affecting bioremediation; need for introducing microbial
cultures; bioremediation in coastal zone, oil spills.
Unit 4 Contaminated soil and groundwater remediation : Contaminated soil remediation options;
Containment systems; In-situ treatment systems: Pump-and-treat systems, Percolation, Bioventing,
Air sparging or biosparging, Bioslurping; Ex-situ treatment systems: Land farming, Compost piles,
Biopile, Ex situ slurry techniques; Factors affecting bioremediation; Microbial constrains; Chemical
constrains; Environmental constrains; Biostimulation; Bioaugmentation; Monitored natural
attenuation.
Unit 5 Phytoremediation: Phytoremediation approaches; technical considerations; types of
phytoremediation; factors influencing phytoremediation; translocation; enzymatic transformation;
cellular mechanism of heavy metals detoxification and tolerance; cell wall and root exudates;
phytochelates; metallothioneins; vascular compartmentalization; phytoremediation – novel transgenic
approach; case studies; current research status; advantages and disadvantages of phytoremediation.
References:
1) Katherine, H. B.; Diane, S. H.;, (1994). “Bioremediation”. McGraw-Hill, ISBN: 0070033609,
9780070033603.
2) John. T. C.; (1995). “Bioremediation Engineering: Design and Application”. McGraw-Hill,
ISBN: 0070126143, 9780070126145.
3) Ronald, M. A.; (2005). “Bioremediation: Applied Microbial Solutions for Real-World
Environmental Cleanup”. ASM press, University of Michigan, ISBN: 1555812392,
9781555812393.
4) Raffi, F.; Yehuda F.; Shaul R.; (1999). “Novel Approaches for Bioremediation of Organic
Pollution”. Kluwer Acad., Plenum Publ., ISBN: 0306461021, 9780306461026.
5) Victor, M.; Glenn J.; Say, K. O.; Andrea, L.; (2001). “Bioremediation of Energetics,
Phenolics, and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons”. Battelle Press, ISBN: 1574771132,
9781574771138.
6) Andrea, L.; (2001). “Natural Attenuation of Environmental Contaminants”. Battelle Press,
University of Michigan, ISBN: 1574771124, 9781574771121.
7) Martin A.; (1999). “Biodegradation and Bioremediation”. 2
nd
Edition, Acad. Press,
0120498618, 9780120498611.
8) Eve, Riser-Roberts.; (2010). “Remediation of Petroleum Contaminated Soils: Biological,
Physical, and Chemical Processes”. CRC Press, Lewis Publishers, ISBN: 0-87371-858-5.
9) David S.; (2010). “Bioremediation Protocols”. Humana Press, ISBN: 1617370363,
9781617370366.
10) Lily, Y. Y.; (1995). “Microbial Transformation and Degradation of Toxic Organic
Chemicals”. Wiley-Liss, University of Michigan, ISBN: 0471521094, 9780471521099.
11) Ghulam, R. C.; (2010). “Biological Degradation and Bioremediation of Toxic Chemicals,
Timber Press (OR), ISBN: 1604692049, 9781604692044
12) Bernd B.; (2001). “Biodegradation and Persistence”. Springer, University of Virginia, ISBN:
3540625763, 9783540625766.
13) Trivedi, P.C.; (2010). “Biremediation of Wastes and Environmental Laws”
14) Approaches in Bioremediation – (2018) Editors: Prasad, Ram, Aranda, Elisabet (Eds.),
Springer, ISBN 978-3-030-02369-0.
15) William Chang (Editor).; (2017). “Biodegradation and Bioremediation”. Syrawood
Publishing House, ISBN-10: 1682864529; ISBN-13: 978-1682864524.
16) Varjani, S. J. (Ed), Agarwal, A. K. (Ed), Gnansounou, E. (Ed), Gurunathan, B. (Ed). (2018).
“Bioremediation: Applications for Environmental Protection and Management”
17) Shahnawaz, M.; Sangale, M. K.; Ade, A. B.; (2019). “Bioremediation Technology for Plastic
Waste”
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20-306-2307 Solid and Hazardous Waste Management (Theory, Elective- 1 Credit)
Course Description
Garbage, sludge, refuse and other discarded solid materials resulting from industrial, residential and
commercial activities and other operations are defined as solid waste. Municipal solid waste includes
biodegradable organic waste like food waste, vegetable and fruit peels, recyclables waste like paper,
plastic, metals, glass etc., toxic waste like paints, pesticides, used batteries etc. and medical waste like
blood stained cotton, sanitary napkins, disposable needles and syringes etc. Municipal solid waste and
hazardous waste can cause a serious environmental problem if it is not managed in scientific manner.
It can be a valuable resource if material and energy are recovered. Management of municipal solid
waste in India is a difficult task due to inappropriate planning and poor financial condition.
Management of municipal solid waste involves collection, segregation and secondary storage,
transportation, treatment and final disposal of waste. Reactive, toxic, flammable, explosive or
corrosive waste is called hazardous waste. Their disposal is a difficult task because they cause danger
or likely to cause danger to health and/or environment. Best approaches for their management are
reduce, reuse and recycle.
Course objectives:
This course work provides an in depth understanding of solid and hazardous waste characteristics and
management. The students acquire proficiency in processing technologies and disposal methods for
municipal solid waste and hazardous waste generated from a community.
Learning outcome:
On the successful completion of the course, students will be able to
Course Outcome [CO]
Cognitive Level
CO1: Explain the functional elements of municipal solid waste management
system
Understand
CO2: Evaluate the various processing technologies for MSW
Apply
CO3: Analyse the various options for disposal of MSW
Analyze
CO4: Identify and classify the hazardous wastes
Understand
CO5: Choose the treatment, storage, and disposal options for hazardous waste
Apply
CO6: Suggest feasible remediation measures for the contaminated sites
Analyze
1. Assessment Pattern:
Category
Continuous
assessment tests
Terminal
Examination
1
2
3
Remember
10
10
10
-
Understand
40
40
40
40
Apply
30
30
30
30
Analyse
20
20
20
30
Evaluate
-
-
-
-
Create
-
-
-
-
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2. Course level assessment questions:
Course Outcome 1:
1. Based on the source and type, classify the waste generated in your locality.
2. Explain the role of a transfer station in solid waste management.
3. Describe the types of containers and collection vehicles used for solid waste
management.
Course Outcome 2:
1. Analyse the current waste collection practice in your locality and choose the
appropriate waste management system.
2. Analyse the environmental effects of composting and bio-gasification.
3. Assess the techno-economic viability of various processing techniques.
Course Outcome 3:
1. Discuss the various constraints faced by municipal authorities in identifying a disposal
site.
2. Do you think a sanitary landfill is possible to manage wastes in your locality? List
at least three reasons to support your answer.
3. Suggest the best disposal option for the municipal solid waste generated from your
locality.
Course Outcome 4:
1. Explain are the characteristics of hazardous wastes.
2. Describe are the responsibilities of Hazardous waste generator.
3. Discuss the advantages of waste minimization in Hazardous waste management.
Course Outcome 5:
1. How will you control leachate generation from a secured landfill.
2. Discuss the issues associated with the present practice of Hazardous waste generated
from electroplating industry in India.
3. Assess the various options present before implementing a source reduction policy in
Hazardous waste management.
Course Outcome 6:
1. Analyse the various remediation measures for chromium contaminated site.
2. Analyse the applications of phytoremediation for open dumping of MSW.
3. Assess the technical viability of Bioventing technology for remediation.
SYLLABUS
Unit 1 Fundamentals of waste management: Types and sources of solid waste, non-hazardous and
hazardous waste-Present scenario and need for solid and hazard waste management- Legislations on
management and handling of solid wastes and hazardous waste - Elements of integrated waste
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management and roles of stakeholders - Financing and Public Private Participation for waste
management.
Unit 2 Municipal solid waste : Waste generation rates and variation in MSW waste sampling and
characterization physical, chemical and biological properties of solid wastes- Source reduction of
wastes- Recycling and Reuse-Handling storage and collection of MSW-Analysis of collection system-
Optimization of collection routes-Need for transfer and transport - transfer station.
Unit 3 Processing Technologies: Waste processing - purposes of Processing-Material separation and
processing technologies Biological conversion technologies-Chemical conversion technologies and
thermal conversion technologies-Energy recovery from conversion products-Co- processing of solid
waste.
Unit 4 Disposal of municipal solid waste : Disposal in landfills - Types-Site selection criteria’s-
Design and operation of landfill-Leachate and landfill gas management-Land fill closure and
environmental monitoring-Land fill remediation. Non Hazardous industrial solid wastes: Recycling
and reuse of solid wastes-Handling and disposal methodologies of high volume non-hazardous solid
wastes.
Unit 5 Hazardous wastes: Identification, classification of Hazardous waste-Source and
characterization of hazardous waste - TCLP tests-Storage, labelling and handling of hazardous wastes
Hazardous waste manifests and transport-Waste minimization options-Hazardous waste technological
options-Physical treatment methods and chemical treatment methods-Biological treatment methods.
Disposal of Hazardous waste: Hazardous waste landfills-Site selection Criteria-Design and Operation
of Hazardous waste landfills-Remediation of H.W disposal sites.
References:
1. Bhide A.D and Sundaresan, B.B.; (2001). “Solid Waste Management Collection, Processing
and Disposal”, ISBN 81-7525-282-0
2. George Tchobanoglous, Hilary Theisen and Samuel A, Vigil.; (1993). “Integrated Solid
Waste Management”, McGraw Hill Publishers, New York,.
3. “Manual on Municipal Solid Waste Management”, (2000). CPHEEO, Ministry of Urban
Development, Government of India, New Delhi,.
4. Vesilind P.A.; (2002). Worrell W and Reinhart, Solid Waste Engineering, Thomson learning
Inc., Singapore,.
5. Cliftun Vanguilder (2011). “Hazardous Waste Management: An Introduction”. Mercury
Learning & Information; Har/Cdr edition.
6. A Pires, G Martinho, S Rodrigues, MI Gomes.; (2019). Sustainable solid waste collection and
management, , springer,.
7. M.N. Rao, Razia Sultana, Sri Harsha Kota, Anil Shah, Naresh Davergave, Butterworth-
Heinemann.; (2016). Solid and hazardous waste management.
8. Hosam El-Din M. Saleh, Rehab Abdel Rahman.; (2016). Management of Hazardous Wastes,
BoD - Books on Demand,
9. Elena Cristina Rada.; (2016). Solid Waste Management,Policy and Planning for a Sustainable
Society, ,CRC Press,
20-306-2308 Bio-nanotechnology (Theory, Elective- 2 Credits)
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Course Description:
Bionanotechnology is the study of biology, in particular biological machines, and the application of
biological building blocks to solve engineering challenges and create new areas of technological
development. Learning about the structure and function of the inner workings of biological systems
such as cells, bacteria and viruses has been used to improve existing applications of nanotechnology
and to develop entirely new applications. Examples of bionanotechnological study include:
mechanical properties of materials, such as cell interaction with surfaces, nanopatterns and
nanoparticles, electrical and optical effects, such as electrical stimulation, energy storage, absorption,
luminescence and fluorescence; and computing via chemical wet computers and DNA computing.
Course Objectives:
This module provides an introduction to the theory and practice of bionanotechnology, and the
challenges of commercializing new technologies. It covers the types of macromolecules which form
the building blocks of life, covering cell components such as DNA and proteins, describing how they
are synthesized, interact and the role they play in cells. The structure and forms of the different
molecules and the process by which they are constructed and how they exchange information will be
framed within the context of the operation of machines and the potential engineering uses that the
naturally occurring mechanisms can be put to.
Learning Outcome:
Having successfully completed this module, the student will be able to:
Course Outcome [CO]
Cognitive Level
CO1: Understand the knowledge of the principles and concepts
associated with bionanotechnology.
Understand
CO2: Know the basics of biomolecules and biomolecular
interactions.
Understand
CO3: Understand relationship between molecular mynamics,
nanoscale physics and macroscopic system behavior.
Understand
CO4: Explain biophysical mechanisms in the context of
bionanotechnology application areas.
Apply
CO5: Analyse and discuss the engineering requirements of
multidisciplinary technology based on biology
Analyze
SYLLABUS
Unit 1 The Quest for Nanotechnology: Introduction; Biotechnology and the Two-Week Revolution;
From Biotechnology to Bio-nanotechnology; What is Bio-nanotechnology ?. Bio-nanomachines in
Action: The Unfamiliar world of Bio-nanomachines; Modern Biomaterials; The legacy of Evolution;
Guided Tour of National Bio-nanotechnology.
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Unit 2 Biomolecular Design and Biotechnology : Recombinant DNA Technology; Biomolecular
Structure Determination - X-ray crystallography, NMR spectroscopy, Electron microscopy, Atomic
force microscopy; Molecular Modeling - computer-assisted molecular design.
Unit 3 Structural Principle of Bio-nanotechnology : Design of Natural Bio-nanomachinery;
Construction of Nanomachines; The raw materials; Protein folding; self-assembly; self-organization;
Molecular recognition; Flexibility.
Unit 4 Functional Principles of Bio-nanotechnology: Information - Driven nanoassembly;
Energetics; Chemical Transformation; Regulation; Biomaterials, Biomolecular Motors; Traffic Across
membranes; Biomolecular sensing; self-replication; Machine - Phase Bio-nanotechnology.
Unit 5 Bio-nanotechnology Today : Basic capabilities; Nanomedicine Today; Self-Assembly at
Many scales; Harnessing Molecular Motors; DNA computers; Molecular Design using Biological
selection; Artificial life; Hybrid Materials, Biosensors. The Future of Bio-nanotechnology: Ethical
Considerations; Respect for life; potential dangers; Final Thoughts.
Refferences:
10. David S. Goodsell.; (2004). Bionanotechnology: Lessons from Nature. by Wiley-Liss, Inc.
ISBN: 0-471-41719-X
11. Elisabeth S, Aravind Parthasarathy (2007). Bionanotechnology, Morgan and Claypool
publishers, ISBN: 1598291386.
12. David E. Reiser.; (2009). Bionanotechnology- Global Prospects, CRC Press, Taylor &
Francis group, Boca Raton. ISBN: 978-0-8493-7528-6.
13. Maheshwar Sharon, Madhuri Sharon (2012), Bionanotechnology, CRC PressINC, ISBN:
1439852146, 9781439852149.
14. Kirthi Rani.; (2012), Nanotechnology Vs Bionanotechnology: Fundamental Concept of
Nanotechnology Vs Bionanotechnology and Their Environmental Implications, Lambert
Academic Publishing, ISBN: 3848426218, 9783848426218.
15. Vencatesan Renugopalakrishnan, Randolph V. Lewis.; (2006), Bionanotechnology: Proteins
to Nanodevices, Springer, ISBN: 1402043759, 9781402043758.
16. Lynn Goldman and Christine Coussens, Implications of nanotechnology for environmental
health research Editors.
17. THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS www.nap.edu.
18. Nanophotonics: Accessibility and Applicability This free PDF can be downloaded from:
http://www.nap.edu/catalog/11907.html
19. K. Eric Drexler - The Coming Era of Nanotechnology. This free PDF can be
downloaded from: Http://www.foresight.org/EOC/index.html
Article reference
2. Richard P. Feynman, Transcript of speech: "There's plenty of room at the
bottom" (1959) http://www.zyvex.com/nanotech/feynman.html
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20-306-2309 Applied Eco Toxicology- Tests and Evaluation Methods (Elective- 1 Credit)
Course Description:
This course work provides an in depth understanding of the effect of toxic environmental chemical
affecting their normal structure and functions of components in their respective ecosystem.
At the end of the course the students may acquire with strong technical skill to deal with
environmental chemicals and they may as effective, environmentalist to sustain environmental
quality.
Learning Outcome:
On the successful completion of the course, students will be able to:
Course Out-come (CO)
Cognitive Level
CO1: Explain the method to determine the rate of
seed germination
Understand
CO2 : determine the effect of metal on germination
of seeds, Vigour index, rate of growth etc.,
Apply
CO3: predict the degree of toxicity from analysed
data, Derive the biomodels, model application in
Ecotoxicalogical toxicity testing programmes
Analyze
Assessment pattern:
Bloom’s category
Continuous
assessment tests
Terminal
examinations
1
2
3
Remember
-
-
-
-
Understand
30
30
30
30
Apply
40
40
40
40
Analyse
30
30
30
30
Evaluate
-
-
-
-
Create
-
-
-
-
SYLLABUS
Environmental Toxicology: Effects of Metal on germination of seeds, Effects of Metal on
vigour index, Effect of Metal on Chlorophyll content a & b.,
Modelling in Ecotoxicological Assessment: Bio-models – plant, animals and cell lines,
Bioaccumulation studies.
References:
20-306- 2310 Environmental Engineering Graphics Lab (Core -1Credit)
Course Description
The subject generally deals with engineering drawings commonly used in process industries. The
contents include the method of representation of objects by Plan, Elevation and End-view. Pictorial
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representation of a process using Block Flow Diagrams, Process Flow Diagrams and Piping and
Instrumentation Drawings are explained. In addition, other engineering drawings like Equipment
Layout, Piping Isometrics, Instrumentation and Control, Electrical Single Line and Civil Foundation
and structural Drawings are also dealt with.
Course Objective
The objective of this subject is to familiarize the students with the engineering drawings and enable
them to study and understand these drawings. While studying or evaluating the pollution control
measures of a process plant, the required information has to be obtained from these drawings. Based
on the information, it will be possible to determine the adequacy or otherwise of the system to meet
the stipulated environmental quality. Additional facilities can be recommended where necessary.
Course Outcome
CO1
Understand the method of representation of objects by Plan,
Elevation and End-view in order to get a clear idea of the object
Understand
CO2
Explain pictorial representation of a process by Block Flow
Diagrams (BFD), the features of BFD and the extent of
information that can be obtained from BFD.
Apply
CO3
Explain pictorial representation of a process by Process Flow
Diagrams (PFD), features of PFD and the extent of information
that can be obtained from PFD.
Apply
CO4
Explain pictorial representation of a process by Piping &
Instrumentation Diagrams (PID) which is the basic drawing for
further engineering of a project.
Apply
CO5
Explain the Engineering Drawings which inter-alia include
Equipment Layout, Piping, Instrumentation, Electrical and Civil
drawings.
Understand
Assessment Pattern
Category
Assessment Tests
Examination
1
2
3
Remember
20
20
20
20
Understand
40
40
40
40
Apply
40
40
40
40
Course Level Assessment Questions
Course Outcome 1
1. Draw Plan, Elevation and End-view of a cube.
2. Draw Plan, Elevation and End-view of a vertical, cylindrical object.
3. Draw Plan, Elevation and End-view of a sphere.
Course Outcome 2
1. What is the purpose of preparing a Block Flow Diagram?
2. Explain the features of a Block Flow Diagram drawn to represent a process.
3. Prepare a Block Flow Diagram based on the process steps given (give process steps).
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Course Outcome 3
1. What is the purpose of preparing a Process Flow Diagram?
2. Explain the features of a Process Flow Diagram drawn to represent a process.
3. Prepare a Process Flow Diagram based on the process information given (give process
details).
Course Outcome 4
1. What is the purpose of preparing a Piping & Instrumentation Diagram?
2. Explain the features of a Piping & Instrumentation Diagram of a process.
3. Draw the commonly used symbols for tanks, vessels, columns, heat exchangers and
reciprocating compressors.
Course Outcome 5
1. Prepare a simple representative sketch of shell and tube heat exchanger.
2. Prepare a simple representative sketch of a perforated plate column.
3. Prepare a simple representative sketch of a rotary dryer.
Syllabus
1. Representation of an object by plan, elevation and end view
2. Methods for pictorial representation of a process
3. Block Flow Diagrams (BFW)
4. Process Flow Diagrams (PFD)
5. Piping & Instrumentation Diagrams (PID)
6. Symbols for representation of piping, equipment and instruments
7. Pipeline, equipment and instrumentation numbering systems
8. Drawings of equipment: vessels, tanks, columns, heat exchangers, pumps, compressors etc.
9. Drawings and features of air and water pollution control equipment
10. Piping isometric drawings
11. Equipment layout drawings
12. Instrumentation and control drawings
13. Electrical single line drawings
14. Civil foundation and structural drawings
References
1. Bhatt N.D.: (2014). “Elementary Engineering Drawing”, Charotar Publishing House, Anand,
2. Austin D.G.;(1979). “Chemical Engineering Drawing Symbols”. George Godwin Ltd.
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3. Gavhane K.A. (2014). “Chemical Engineering Drawing”. Nirali Prakashan, Pune,
4. Layal J.S. (2016). “Civil Engineering Drawing”. Satya Prakashan, New Delhi,.
5. Moe Toghraei. (2019). “Piping and Instrumentation Diagram Development”. Wiley-
Blackwell.
6. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, (1969). Electrical and Electronics diagrams.
20-306-2311 Environmental Biotechnology and Bioremediation Lab (Core 2 Credits)
Course Description
The practical class provides basic knowledge in mathematical calculations in molecular biology;
Scientific notation and metric prefixes; preparation of solutions etc. which are very essential before
proceeding into hands on training in molecular biology. Hands on lab practical’s will be conducted
starting from isolation of genomic DNA from bacteria followed by quantitative and qualitative
analysis; gel electrophoreses; enzyme digestion; PCR amplification; Recombinant DNA techniques
etc. The students will be exposed to biodegradation and bioremediation studies.
Learning outcome:
CO1
Understand basic mathematical calculations involved in molecular
biology.
Understand
CO2
Learn and understand various techniques of recombinant DNA
technology
Understand
CO3
Earn the enumeration and isolation of
hydrocarbon/pesticide/xenobiotic degrading microorganisms from
the environment
Understand and
apply
CO4
Demonstrate biodegradation and bioremediation methods
Understand and
apply
SYLLABUS
1. Basic Mathematical calculations in Molecular biology - Scientific notation and metric prefixes;
preparation of solutions; nucleic acids- relationship between moles, molarity and molecular
weight; Calculation of melting temperature of oligonucleotides.
2. Recombinant DNA Technology: Isolation of bacterial genomic DNA; Quantitative and
Qualitative analysis of nucleic acids using spectrophotometer; separation of nucleic acids with
Gel-electrophoreses; Digestion of nucleic acids with restriction enzymes; In-vitro amplification of
nucleic acids using PCR.
3. The methodology of gene manipulation: Host cells and Vectors; cloning strategies - selection,
screening, transformation and expression of recombinants.
4. Biodegradation of xenobiotics.
5. Enumeration and Isolation of hydrocarbon/pesticide/xenobiotic degrading microorganisms from
contaminated sites.
6. Demonstration of bioremediation protocols.
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References
1. Krebs C.J.; (1998). Ecological Methodology. Benjamin Cummings, Australia
2. Silvy N.J.; (2012). The Wildlife Techniques Manual. The John Hopkins University Press. USA
3. Practical Biotechnology- Methods and Protocols, (2007) S Janarthanan and S Vincent,
Universities Press.
4. Methods in Biotechnology and Bioengineering by S.P. Vyas and D.V. Kohli, ISBN: 81-239-0800-
8 First Edition: 2002, Reprint: 2004. Published by: Satish Kumar Jain for CBS Publishers &
Distributers, Printed at India Binding House, Delhi-110032.
5. Basic Biotechnology, Edited by Colin Ratledge and Bjorn Kristiansen, Second Edition, ISBN 0
521 77074 2 hardback, Cambridge University Press 2001.
6. APHA - AWWA - WPCF 2001, Standard Methods for the examination of water and waste water.
Eds. L. S. Clesceri, A.E. Greenberg and R.R. Trussel. Washington D.C.
7. Waste Water Treatment- Biological and Chemical Processes, III Edition 2000, Mogens, Henz et
al. Pub: Springer.
8. Gareth. M. Evans, Judith. C. Furlong, (2004). Calculations for Molecular Biology and
Biotechnology, Edited by, Wiley Publications.
9. Manual of Environmental Microbiology II Edition 2002, Edited by Christon. J. Hurst, American
Society for Microbiology.
10. Schuurmann, G., Markert, B.; (1998). Ecotoxicology; Ecological fundamentals, Chemical
Exposure and Biological Effects, . John Wiley & Sons, Inc. and Spectrum Akademischer Verlag,
New York and Hidelberg.
20-306- 2312 Biodiversity Lab (Core - 1 Credit)
Course Description
Biodiversity refers to the amount of diversity between different plants, animals and other species in a
given habitat at a particular time. This course deals with the tools used in the assessment of
biodiversity.
Course Objectives
To assess the status of biodiversity
To estimate biomass and species richness of an ecosystem
Leaning Outcome:
Upon successful completion of this course, students will have the skills to:
Course Outcome (CO)
Cognitive level (CL)
CO1: To estimate biodiversity - Population sampling, Estimation
of population size
Understand and apply
CO2: To estimate biomass using destructive and nondestructive
techniques
Understand and apply
CO3: To estimate species richness using various methods like
Frequency, Density, Abundance, Relative Frequency, Relative
density, Relative abundance, Basal Area, Relative Basal Area,
Important Value Index, Shannon-Weiner Index, Simpson’s Index,
Margalef’s index, Rarefaction, Sorensen and Jaccard Similarity
index
Understand and apply
Assessment Pattern:
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Syllabus 2019 - 2022
Category
Continuous
assessment tests
Terminal
Examination
1
2
3
Remember
-
-
-
-
Understand
-
-
-
-
Apply
50
50
50
50
Analyse
40
40
40
40
Evaluate
10
10
10
10
Create
-
-
-
-
Course level assessment questions:
Course Outcome 1:
What are the different sampling techniques that you will use to determine the population of
plants and animals?
Course Outcome 2:
How will you estimate the above ground and below ground biomass of plants?
Course Outcome 3:
What are the various biodiversity indices that you know? When will you apply Sorensen and
Jaccard index?
Syllabus
1. Biodiversity analysis - Population sampling, Estimation of population size
2. Estimation of biomass - destructive and non-destructive methods
3. Estimation of species richness-Frequency, Density, Abundance, Relative Frequency,
Relative density, Relative abundance, Basal Area, Relative Basal Area, Important Value
Index, Shannon-Weiner Index, Simpson’s Index, Margalef’s index, Rarefaction, Sorensen and
Jaccard Similarity index
References:
1. Krishnamurthy, K.V.; (2018). “An Advanced Textbook on Biodiversity Principles and Practices”.
Oxford & IBH Publishing Co Pvt.Ltd.
2. Donald, T.; (2018).; “Biodiversity. A lab manual for General Biology”. 2
nd
Edition, Kendall Hunt
Publishing.
3. Ronald N. F.; Eun, S. L.; (2014). “Introduction to Biostatistics: A Guide to Design, Analysis, and
Discovery”. Elsevier.
4. Bernard, R.; (2015). “Fundamentals of Biostatistics”, Cengage Learning.
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5. Sharma, A.K.; (2005). “Text Book of Biostatistics I”, Discovery Publishing House.
6. Anne, E. M.; (2013). “Measuring Biological Diversity”, John Wiley & sons.
20-306-0213 IDE Energy Resources and Management (ID Elective- 3credits)
Course Description
Energy is required for all life processes. Human energy consumption has grown steadily throughout
human history. In the pre-industrial time, humans had modest energy requirements, mainly for food
and fuel for fires to cook and keep warm. However, the energy requirement has grown tremendously
in modern times. Energy resources refer to all forms of fuels which find applications in the
development of the modern world. Heating, generation of electrical energy and energy conversion
processes of all sorts, are the main function of fuels.
The primary energy sources include fossil energy (oil, coal and natural gas), nuclear energy, and
renewable energy (wind, solar, geothermal and hydropower). The secondary energy source is from the
conversion of primary sources such as electricity which flows through power lines and other
transmission infrastructures. Fossil fuels have disadvantages as they are non-renewable and they cause
several harmful effects on the environment. The need of exploiting renewable energy has become the
top most priority in the modern world. At the same time a proper management strategy also needs to
be worked out. The content of the syllabus “Energy Resource Management” provides a
comprehensive understanding of all these aspects by clearly deducing a basement in the initial
teaching followed by advanced level topics in various aspects of energy, its various ways of
production, its uses and finally its management. The students will learn about energy production and
utilization along with associated environmental management, regulatory and policy issues.
Course Objectives
To impart a complete understanding of the basic characteristics of renewable sources of energy and
related technologies. To identify new methods and technologies for effective utilisation of renewable
energy resources.To deduce a complete protocol for the management of energy
Course Outcome
Upon completion of this course, the students are expected to identify innovative technologies in the
field of energy and come up with a complete management plan for the effective utilisation of
renewable and non renewable energy resources.
Course Outcome [CO]
Cognitive Level
CO1: Discuss the relationship between energy usage and
human development index, effect of energy services on
productivity, health, education, safe water and
communication
Understand
CO2: Describe the non renewable energy resources, its
distribution, usage and environmental impacts
Understand
CO3: Provide with a solid foundation for developing the
Understand
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Syllabus 2019 - 2022
use of renewable energy systems
CO4: Analyse and interpret information related to
renewable energy
Analyze
CO5: Ability to analyse the viability of energy
conservation
projects
Analyze
Unit 1Introduction : Energy and Human development index, Sources of Energy, Renewable and
non-renewable energy, Energy requirements and consumption pattern in the context of global,
national and regional.
Unit 2 Non-renewable Energy Resources : Classification of Fossil fuels: Coal, Oil, Oil shale, Tar
sands, Natural gas, Non-fossil fuels: Nuclear power, Ecological and social impacts of major thermal
and nuclear power plants, Management of energy projects and its environmental impacts.
Unit 3 Renewable Energy Resources- and alternate fuels: Solar Energy: Technique for harvesting
solar energy, direct utilization of solar energy by thermal conversion thermo-mechanical conversion,
Photo-voltaic cells, indirect utilization through water power- Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
(OTEC), , Wind resources, Geothermal sources, Tidal energy and Ocean waves, biogas- recent
advancements and upgradation technologies, fuel cell- storage and recent developments
Unit 4 Energy conservation policies and acts : India’s Energy and Climate Concerns: Schemes to
promote energy conservation and energy efficiency - Standards and Labeling, Energy Conservation
Building Codes (ECBC), National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency (NMEEE).
Unit 5Energy Management and Auditing - Demand Side Management (DSM) Scheme :
Economic analysis in the Energy Management and Audit Programme, Energy audit; Phases in energy
auditing; Energy bills; Energy rate schedules; Energy accounting; Energy audit report format; Case
studies ; Green buildings.
References
10 Goldemberg, J., Johnansson, T.B., Reddy, A.K.N. and Williams, R.H.; (1988). “Energy for
Sustainable World” Wiely Eastern Ltd,
11 Hill, R., O’Keef, P., and Snape, C.; (1996). The future Energy use Earthscan publication Ltd.
London,
12 Environemntal Chemistry ,Colin Baird,. W.H.Freeman and Company, 1999
13 Looking back to think ahead: Green India 2047. Tata Energy Research Institute (TERI), 1998
14 Energy Conservation Guidebook, Dale R Patrick, Stephen W Fardo, 2ndEdition, CRC Press, 2014
15 Handbook of Energy Audits, Albert Thumann, 9thEdition, CRC Press, 2012
16 Energy Management Handbook,W.C. Turner, 6thEdition, CRC Press, 2006
17 Guide to Energy Management, Capehart B.L., Turner W.C., Kennedy W.J. 7thEdition, Fairmont
Press,2011
18 Energy Conservation Guidebook , Patrick D.R., Fardo S.W., Richardson R.E., Fardo B.W., 3rd
Edition, Fairmont Press, 2014
20-306-0214 IDE Industrial Ecology (ID Elective: 3Credits)
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Syllabus 2019 - 2022
Course Description
Industrial ecology is the study of material and energy flows through industrial systems. This field
approaches issues of sustainability by examining problems from multiple perspectives, usually
involving aspects of sociology, the environment, economy and technology. The course name comes
from the idea that the analogy of natural systems should be used as an aid in understanding how to
design sustainable industrial systems.
Course Objective
To be conversant with the basic principles and techniques of Industrial Ecology- a paradigm that
looks to natural systems for the new principles of design and operation of community and industrial
systems.
Learning Outcome:
Upon successful completion of this course, students should be able to:
Course Outcome [CO]
Cognitive Level
CO1:Understand the basic concepts of industrial ecology (IE),
Analyze the similarities and differences between an ecosystem
and an industrial system, Case studies from Industrial Ecology
and sustainability perspective
Understand
CO2:Understand tools in IE: Life cycle Analysis, Analyse the
strategies in Industrial ecology with regard to material reduction
Understand
CO3:Gain knowledge in the System tools to support industrial
ecology, Aspects of lessening Environmental Impacts-Zero
emission system.
Understand,
Analyse
CO4:Understand the concepts of Industrial metabolism,
Cleaner Production, Environment product design and
Ecological foot print
Understand,
Analyse
CO 5: Basic Concepts of Environmental Economics, Ecosystem
valuation and solution to correct externalities
Understand
Assessment Pattern:
Bloom’s
category
Continuous
assessment tests
Terminal
Examination
1
2
3
Remember
-
-
-
-
Understand
50
50
50
50
Apply
-
-
-
-
Analyse
40
40
40
40
Evaluate
10
10
10
10
Create
-
-
-
-
Course level assessment questions:
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Course Outcome 1
5. Explain the human Impact on environment (I) using Masters Equation
6. Explain the water conservation initiatives taken in Kalundborg case study
7. Do you regard the criticisms of Robert Ayres concerning the BE/IE analogy to be
valid and important? Why or Why not?
8. What is Type I, II and III ecosystems? Is a fully functioning type II industrial
ecosystem the ultimate? Is it realistic to work towards type III industrial ecosystem?
Does true type III system exist in nature?
Course Outcome 2
4. How does pollution prevention (P
2
) approaches contribute to sustainable
Development
5. Explain the limitations of Life cycle assessment
6. With an example explain Biomimicry in Architecture
Course Outcome 3
3. What are the seven steps of a material flow analysis?
4. What are some effective ways to reduce material consumption in everyday life while
maintaining liveability?
Course Outcome 4
4. Some cities around the world refer to themselves as ‘sustainable cities’. If you were
the Mayor of one of them, how would you justify this appellation
5. Briefly explain the principles of green building design and operation
6. How do the increasing population and its increasing ecological footprint affect the
homeostasis of the Earth's ecosystem?
Course Outcome 5
4. Explain the Economic valuation methods for ecosystem services
5. What is the difference between Green marketing and green washing
6. Give an example of a technology that enhances sustainability. Defend your choice
(consider systemic effects)
Unit 1 Sustainable development: Concept and strategies of sustainable environment,
Master equation for the estimation of total environmental impact, Technological evolution,
Analogy of biological ecology and industrial ecology, Foodwebs and Industrial Ecoparks,
Industrial symbiosis-Kalundborg - a case study.
Unit 2Life Cycle Assessment: Introduction, History & definition of LCA; Components in a
product’s life cycle- Structure of LCA - Advantages of LCA, Case studies. Biomimicry/
Biomimetics, levels of biomimetics. Strategies of Industrial ecology- Material Substitution-
De-materialization, Transmaterialization-examples - Reuse and recycling, Case studies,
Typical constraints on reuse and recycling. Delinking and decoupling.
Unit 3 Design for the Environment: Design for environmental Practices, Environment
product design. Material flow analysis (MFA) -Definition and Types of MFO - Material flow
accounting-indicators used in Material flow accounting- Material flow management.
Measuring the balance analysis, Aspects of lessening Impacts-Zero emission system.
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Unit 4Cleaner Production: Principles of green chemistry and green engineering. Clean
technology Centre, Ireland: objectives, industrial services, barriers and conflicts. Industrial
metabolism. Ecological foot print
Unit 5 Environmental Economics: Market failure, Externalities, Common goods and public
goods, Ecosystem valuation, Solution to correct externalities – Environmental regulation,
Quotas on pollution, Taxes and tariff on pollution, Pigovian tax, Ecological Economics,
Green economy, Ecolabel, Green washing, Low-carbon economy.
Text/ Reference Books
7. Ayres, R.U.; Ayres, L.W.; (2002). “A Handbook of Industrial Ecology”. INSEAD, France
ISBN: 978 1 84064 506 4
8. Mary, A. C.; (2010). “Environmental Life Cycle Assessment”. Ed., McGraw - Hill, New
York. ISBN-13: 978-0070150638
9. Ahmed, M. H.; (2012). “Principles of Environmental Economics and Sustainability: An
Integrated Economic and Ecological Approach”. Routledge publisher. ISBN 0415676908
10. Williams R.B.; (2013). “Greening the Economy”, Taylor & Francis Ltd. ISBN:
9780415745505
11. Scott, J. C.; Janet, M. T.; (2015). “Environmental Economics and Management Theory,
Policy and Applications”. South Western publishers.ISBN-10: 8131527646
12. Nataliya, O. S.; (2017). “Industrial Ecology”. Delve Publishing. ISBN-13: 978-
1773610016
SEMESTER IV
SEMESTER IV
Course Code
Course
C/E
Credits
Marks
PROJECT WORK
20-306- 2401
Final Semester Project Work
Interim Report-
Presentation [Internal] Project –
Dissertation [ External]-
C
14
50
100
150
20-306- 2401
Viva – Voce [Internal]
C
2
50
Total Credits
Core - 16
02C
16
350
Skill Development Programme in Environmental Science& Technology - AREAS
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Syllabus 2019 - 2022
11. Waste management technologies
12. Water, wastewater and air quality assessment and monitoring
13. Environment Impact assessment
14. Environmental Biotechnology
15. Environmental Toxicology
16. Biodiversity Conservation
17. Geographical Information System
18. Carbon sequestration technologies
19. Bio-resource management
20. Instrumentation in environmental management
Note : -
6. COMPULSORY INTERNSHIP for two months during summer vacation in industries/
institutions after SEMESTER I Examination, before the start o f SEMESTERII.
7. Compulsory internship as SKILL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAME for two months during
summer vacation in industries/ institutions after SEMESTER II Examination, before the start
o f SEMESTERIII.
8. INHOUSE research program during the fourth semester.
9. The topic of research has to be fixed in the beginning of the third semester after the
internship.
10. Candidates must submit interim report of the project at mid-term which will be evaluated as
part of the internal assessment as PROJECT- INTERIM REPORT.
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